Neutron TGEM Detector Abdel

2012

2011

2010

2009

THGEM#9 Counting Experiment test 1/4/13

The same setup above for THGEM#9 is used for a counting experiment.

The aim is to compare the number of counts in an hour for three different cases:

case 1-The alpha source's shutter is closed.

case 2- The alpha source's shutter is closed and a gamma source (Co-60) placed on the detector's entrance window.

case 3-The alpha source's shutter is open the gamma source is removed

case 4-The alpha source's shutter is open and a gamma source (Co-60) is placed on the detector's entrance window.

V_cathode	THGEM_1T	THGEM_1B	[math]\Delta V1 [/math]	THGEM_2T	THGEM_2B	[math]\Delta V2 [/math]	THGEM_3T	THGEM_3B	[math]\Delta V3 [/math]
4200	2950	2450	500	1950	1200	750	950	100	850

Experimental Setup

Trigout-> 474 ortec timing filter amp. -> EGG&G ESN CF4000-01 discriminator (5 mV threshold) -> tennelec TC534 counter and timer.

case #	case 1	case 2	case 3
counts/hr	462	2400	2759

According to the number of counts in each case:

1- The detector detects cosmic rays (noise). (assuming the shutter stops all the alpha particles without any ionization)

2- The detector is sensitive to gamma rays (2400-462 = 1938)

3- The detector is sensitive to alpha particles (2759-462 = 2297) considering the same assumption above.

Discriminator level-count level relationship

V_cathode	THGEM_1T	THGEM_1B	[math]\Delta V1 [/math]	THGEM_2T	THGEM_2B	[math]\Delta V2 [/math]	THGEM_3T	THGEM_3B	[math]\Delta V3 [/math]
4359	2950	2450	500	1950	1200	750	985	100	850

The following table represent the discriminator level and the count rate that is measured in 10 minute time interval with the shutter OPEN and 474 ortec timing filter amp. amplification is x6.

discriminator level	Counts/min
(mv)	Trial 1	trial 2	Trial 3	Trial 4	trial 5	Ave [math]\pm[/math] err
5	80.7	104.2	67.4	64.5	72.8
7	96.6
8
9	36.8
10
12	11.2
13
15	5.1
18	3.7
20	3.2
50	0
75	0.1
100	0

Counting Experiment using Leading Edge discriminator (Lecroy 623b)

The same setup above for THGEM#9 is used for a counting experiment.

The aim is to compare the number of counts for three different cases:

case 1-The alpha source's shutter is closed.

case 2- The alpha source's shutter is closed and a gamma source (Co-60) placed on the detector's entrance window.

case 3-The alpha source's shutter is open the gamma source is removed

case 4-The alpha source's shutter is open and a gamma source (Co-60) is placed on the detector's entrance window.

V_cathode	THGEM_1T	THGEM_1B	[math]\Delta V1 [/math]	THGEM_2T	THGEM_2B	[math]\Delta V2 [/math]	THGEM_3T	THGEM_3B	[math]\Delta V3 [/math]
4200	2950	2450	500	1950	1200	750	950	100	850

The amplifier amplification affect the count rate, the follwing table shows the effect as the discrimination level is 1.19V :

Amplification	Count rate (Count/min)
x10	1.37x10^7
X6	1151
x4	9
x2	1
x1	1

based on the above table, the amplification is chosen to be x6 for the measurement below.

case #	case 1	case 2	case 3	case 4	Notes
counts/min	1.55 x 10^7				disc. level = 0.30V (700 mV sq.p-p)
counts/min	2.08 x10^6				disc. level = 0.53 mV (1.8V sq.p-p)
counts/min	6902				disc. level = 1.1 V (3V sq.p-p)
counts/min	3222				disc. level = 1.2 V
counts/min	1469				disc. level = 1.3 V
counts/min	680				disc. level = 1.4 V
counts/min	113				disc. level = 1.5 V
counts/min	64	84			disc. level = 1.62 V (4V sq.p-p)
counts/min	10	11			disc. level = 1.7 V
counts/min					disc. level = 1.8 V
counts/min	10	9			disc. level = 1.9 V
counts/min	7	9			disc. level = 2 V

Alpha-Beta detector counter

GEM before modification

GEM detector was operated without U-233 source inside the chamber, the detector's counting rate relationship with the applied voltage on the cathode was investigated and the result is shown by the following figure:

In the counting experiment, P.S. discriminator was used to discriminate againt the noise, the relationship between the count rate and the discrimination level (without changing the applied voltages on GEM cards and the cathode. The data is represented by the following figure:

The detector signal detected when the voltage on GEM HV-circuit was 2800V, but it was lower the noise, but raising up the voltage to 3000 V made the signal higher than the noise. So all the previous measurements observed ast he GEM HV-circuit was 3000V.

GEM after modification

A new cathode with thin layer of U-233 and its a FR4 shutter were added to the chamber, the distance of cathode is 8mm from the first GEM card, the distances between the GEM cards have equal distances to the ones before the modifications.

The VFAT connectors are connected together to provide the signal of the signal of the readout plate.

A signal is observed (on trigout and readout)as the voltage magnitude on the GEM HV-voltage circuit is 2800V, and the cathode is 3100V.

Prelimanry count rate measurements were recorded using 474 time filter amplifier, P.S. 710 discrimonator (at 0.7V) and a counter in the following table:

Shutter location	Counts/min
close	2049	2500
open	6561	6360

The high rate of counts observed as the sutter is close is due to the U-233 beta decay as shown in the figure:

Two Counter Counting Experiment

Two counters were used for counting the detector signal after installing U-233 inside the detector. The signal detected by the trigout was an input for P.S. eight channel variable gain amplifier (model 777) that had two outputs fed two types discriminators; EG&G-EN CF4000 Constant Fraction Discriminator and P.S. octal leading edge discriminator (model 710). The discrimination level of each of them allowed one of the counters (ortec 875) to count for all the amplified signal pulses produced as the shutter was close, simultaneously, the second counter to count for them as the shutter was open. (The CFD D.V. was 0.025V and 6x 474 Ortec TFA , LED D.V. was 1.52V and 1x TFA)

Due to the lower pulse amplitude for the alpha particles the higher one for negative beta, decrease the detector gain may help in counting for alphas and fission fragments without counting for beta particles. Or we can use Ortec 552 (pulse shape analyzer and timer) with ortec 460 (delay shaping line amplifier).

Counting started by the lowest voltage alpha signal is observed (2.6 kV, 2.9 kV), an ortec 474 is used and it amplifies the signal up to 6x.A leading edge P.S. 710 octal discriminator is used with a discrimination level of 150 mV.

GEM performance data graphs

Without a source

With a source

Shutter Open (Source on - Source off)/Source on vs. discrimination level

The uncertainty is calculated as the following:

u=on v=off

[math]Y = U-v/u \,,\,\,\,\,\,\, x = u-v [/math]

[math] dy = y[(dx)^2/x^2 +(du)^2/u^2]^{0.5} [/math]

[math] dx = [(du)^2+ (dv)^2]^{0.5} [/math]

[math] d y = y[(du)^2+(dv)^2/(u^2-v^2)+ (du/u)^2]^{0.5 }[/math]

Run List1 GEM, Cathode 2.6, 2.9kV

/home/daq/CODA/CODAreader/ROOT_V5.30/V775mV792/evio2nt -fr4685.dat > /dev/null

The voltage of the Cathode is 2.9 kV and of the GEMs is 2.6 kV.

The amplifier is on x6 level fine gain which will amplify the detector signal to 33.5 times (6.56+_ 0+_ V/196 +_ 0.6mV).

Run #	discrimination level	ortec 474 amplification	Start Date	End Date	Shutter Position	Source	pulse snapshot picture and Comparison notes
4662	0.25	4	17:00 04/04	10:00 04/05	open	off
4663	1.1	4	10:00 04/05	13:14 04/05	open	off
4664	0.9	4	13:14 04/05	16:48 04/05	open	off
4665	0.9	4	17:11 04/05	20:21 04/05	open	on
4666	1.1	4	20:26 04/05	21:38 04/05	open	On
4668	0.25	6	21:47 04/05	7:45 04/06	open	off	compare ampx4 (blue) and ampx6 (red) ortec #of counts 1.37M, ADC # of counts 676056
4670	0.25	4	11:00 04/05	11:55	closed	On
4671	0.25	6+ fine level 3	12:28:38 04/06	12:38	closed	off
4672	0.25	10	12:38:28 04/06	12:42	closed	off
4673	0.25	6+fine level 5	12:42:59 04/06	12:47:30	closed	off
4674	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	12:48:18 04/06	13:01:50	closed	Off
4675	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	13:03:35 04/06	21:00:55	closed	Off
4676	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	21:06:07 04/06	09:27:29 04/07	open	Off	compare shutter open (blue) and shutter close (red)
4677	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	09:31:03 04/07	21:31:07 04/07	open	on	compare shutter open as the source is off(blue) and as it is on (red)
4678	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	21:32:10 04/07		close	on
4679	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	10:39:19 04/08	22:22:21 04/08	close	off
4680	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	22:26:10 04/08	10:05:07 04/09	open	off
4681	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	10:08:59 04/09	14:26:12 04/09	open	on
4682	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	14:30:43 04/09	06:51:39 04/10	open	off
4683	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	06:56:00 04/10	16:07:36 04/10	close	off	compare r4683 (red) and r4679 (blue) as both have hsutter is close without source
4684	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	16:10:59 04/10	10:46:10 04/11	close	off	compare r4684 (red) and r4683 (blue) as both have hsutter is close without source
4685	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	10:50:52 04/11	07:06:55 04/12	open	off	r4685 (blue) has the two peaks close in height compared to the other two runs (r4682(red) and r4676(green), which indicates that the source has a new source of charge as result of a decay to one of the short half life alpha emitting daughters.
4686	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	07:37:34 04/12	19:50:55 04/12	close	off	comparing three runs together r4686(blue),r4684(red), and r4679 (green). they are all record the charge as the shutter is close. it is noticed that the last run reproduced the expected peak that was observed before in r4679
4687	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	19:54:17 04/12	06:59:28 04/13	open	off
4688	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	07:01:35 04/13	10:31:31 04/13	open	off
4689	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	10:33:13 04/13	19:09:56 04/13	close	off	the new peak (in 4688) was partial blocked by the shutter but the tail is still high compared to 4686.
4690	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	19:26:44 04/13	06:41:16 04/14	open	off
4691	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	21:15:44 04/13	09:58:16 04/14	open	off
4692	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	10:05:14 04/15	16:34:50 04/15	open	off	back to the normal spectrum as the shutter is open
4693	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	16:41:05 04/15	07:29:25 04/15	close	off
4694	0.25	6+fine level 4.5	07:39:30 04/16	14:51:29 04/16	close	off
4694	battery		battery charged collected by the ADC without any electronics used1
4695	battery		battery charged collected by the ADC as the battery charge passes through the NIM-modules
4914	0.57	6+fine level 4.5	13:39:25 04/30	07:26:42 05/01	open	off
4917	0.36	6+fine level 4.5	10:00:21 05/01	14:43:05 05/01	open	off
4918	0.36	6+fine level 4.5	14:53:41 05/01	13:56:05 05/01	open	on
4935	0.36	6+fine level 6	16:38:38 05/01	07:30:04 05/02	open	off
4936	0.36	6+fine level 6	07:34:01 05/02	15:02:30 05/02	close	off
4989	0.36	6+fine level 6	11:47:06 05/03	15:40:47 05/03	close	off	10Hz
4990	0.36	6+fine level 6	15:44:10 05/03	22:36:28 05/03	open	off	10Hz
4992	0.36	6+fine level 6	22:57:47 05/03	08:51:26 05/04	close	off	100Hz clock
5078	0.5	6+fine level 6	20:39:35 05/08	06:09:23 05/09	open	off	10Hz
5079	0.36	6+fine level 6	06:47:58 05/09	14:26:08 05/09	open	off	10Hz
5091	0.36	6+fine level 6	16:25:48 05/09	21:21:11 05/09	close	off	without clock
5092	0.36	6+fine level 6	21:26:23 05/09	06:23:34 05/10	open	off	10 clock
overlayed plots need to be normalized to the running time!	sure		comparing 4691 (light brown),4690(blue),4687 (red),4676 (green),4685 (purple)

Run List2 GEM,Cathode 2.65,2.95kV

The voltage of the Cathode is 2.95 kV and of the GEMs is 2.65 kV.

Run #	discrimination level	ortec 474 amplification	Attenuation (dB)	Start Date	End Date	Shutter Position	Source	pulse snapshot picture and Comparison notes
5061	0.40	6 level 6	6	12:15:47 05/04	18:16:57 05/04	close	off	10Hz
5062	0.40	6 level 6	6	18:23:41 05/04	16:12:20 05/05	open	off	10Hz
5063	0.40	6 level 6	8	16:18:02 05/05	22:55:20 05/05	open	off	10Hz
5064	0.40	6 level 6	8	22:59:02 05/05	07:32:26 05/06	open	on	10Hz
5065	0.40	6 level 6	8	07:37:17 05/06	12:39:17 05/06	close	on	10Hz
5066	0.40	6 level 6	8	02:43:55 05/06	17:44:20 05/06	close	off	10Hz
5198	0.96	6 level 6	8	18:12:00 06/03	00:05:32 06/04	open	off	700Hz
5200	0.96	6 level 6	8	00:08:49 06/04	07:19:28 06/04	close	off	10Hz
5204	0.96	6 level 6	8	09:33:45 06/04	14:31:49 06/04	open	off	10Hz
5215	1.55	6 level 6	8	16:04:59 06/04	20:15:59 06/04	close	off	10Hz
5224	1.25	6 level 6	8	21:45:45 06/04	07:12:49 06/05	open	off	10Hz
5225	0.96	6 level 6	8	7:15:51 06/05	07:12:49 06/04	open	off	10Hz

Run List3 GEM,Cathode 2.7,3kV

Calibration curve

,Measurements

The voltage of the Cathode is 3 kV and of the GEMs is 2.7 kV. Without any attenuation -85 mV was the initial voltage and its equivalent charge is 1.02 nC. According this value the charge below is calculated using

[math] Q = Q_0 10^{(L_v/20)} [/math]

Run #	discrimination level	ortec 474 amplification	Attenuation (dB)	Start Date	End Date	Shutter Position	Source	pulse snapshot picture and Comparison notes	Channel number	ADC charge (nC)	Detector charge (nC)
5072	0.50	6 level 6	11	18:20:09 05/06	22:28:25 05/04	open	off	10Hz	1650 , 3500	0.766, 1.506	7.7, 15.06
5073	0.50	6 level 6	11	22:31:50 05/06	06:09:58 05/07	open	on	10Hz
5074	0.50	6 level 6	11	06:16:00 05/07	12:39:58 05/07	close	on	10Hz
5075	0.50	6 level 6	11	12:45:04 05/07	07:58:00 05/08	close	off	10Hz
5076	0.50	6 level 6	11	08:00:44 05/08	13:06:40 05/08	open	off	10Hz
5077	0.50	6 level 6	11	13:09:56 05/08	20:27:39 05/08	close	off	10Hz

Run List 4 GEM,Cathode 2.75,3.05kV

Run #	discrimination level	ortec 474 amplification	Attenuation (dB)	Start Date	End Date	Shutter Position	Source	pulse snapshot picture and Comparison notes	Channel number	ADC charge (nC)	Detector charge (nC)
5228	1.29	6 level 6	15	10:26:45 06/05	14:48:25 06/05	open	off	10Hz
5229	1.29	6 level 6	15	14:49:16 06/05	20:27:39 05/08	close	off	10Hz 90px

histogram analysis Shutter Open - Closed

GEM detector voltage settings:

Discriminator:

Amplification:

Shutter open run 4676 took data for 44480 seconds (12.4 hrs) and Shutter closed run 4675 took data for 28638 seconds (8 hrs)

Run 4676 :raw shutter Open ADC spectrum	Run 4675 raw shutter closed ADC spectrum
Run 4676 :NORMALIZED shutter Open ADC spectrum	Run 4675 NORMALIZED shutter closed ADC spectrum

Assume that the single peak for the Closed shutter spectrum is the result of less charge being liberated by the right most peak of the shutter open spectrum due to the energy lost by the ionizing particle as it travels through the 1mm thick FR4 shutter into the ionization chamber.

Run 4676 :raw shutter Open ADC spectrum	Run 4675 raw shutter closed ADC spectrum

Shutter Open - Shutter Closed Difference

U-233 fission x-section data

What is the energy distribution of Beta and Photon from U-233

Gamma distribution for U-233 and its daughters are in metioned in details in the documents , File:U233 day gamma.pdf <ref>http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/gamma_spectra , Wed. 04/10/2013</ref>

The energy range of the emitted gamma is shown in the following table .

nuclide	Energy Minimum	Energy Maximum (keV)
U-233	25	1,119
Ra-225	40	40
Ac-225	10.5	758.9
Fr-221	96.8	410.7
At-217	140	593.1
Bi-213	323.81	1,119.4

Negative beta particles are emitted mainly from U-233 daughters as shown in the figure <ref> http://itu.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php?id=204, Wed. 04/10/2013 </ref>

The following table shows the negative beta emitter nuclides,their parent nuclides, and their half lives:

Nuclides	energy (MeV)	half life
[math]Ra^{225} \rightarrow Ac^{225}[/math]	0.357	14d.
[math]Bi^{213} \rightarrow Po^{213}[/math]	1.426	46min.
[math]Tl^{209} \rightarrow Pb^{209}[/math]	1.981	2.2 min.
[math]Pb^{209} \rightarrow Bi^{209}[/math]	0.644	3.25h
[math]Bi^{209}[/math]	1.893	stable

What is the energy distribution after the 1 mm FR4 shutter

electrons

The energy distribution below represents the incidence electron on a 1 mm FR4 shutter.

The energy distribution of photons was observed on the opposite side of the shutter

Electrons (with least energy from U-233= 0.2 MeV) pass through the shutter have the energy distribution below.

Number of ions produced from Beta and Photon in ArCo2

EMTest10 is used to calculate the average number of ions (electrons) when a 101 beta of 1 MeV are fired in a world that contains ArCO2. (13.5 per primary electron).

Calibrating GEM detector

The charge of the detector detected by the trigger output, the ADC distributes the charge over 4096 channel (12 bit CAEN V792). The aim is to calibrate the charge collected to the ADC channel number by injecting a known pulse in the wired electronics system used for detecting and processing the detector's charge.The following figure shows the the calibration curve.

Amplifier effect on the signal

Ortec 474 timing filter amplifier amplifies the signal from the trigger output.The amplification will make a shift in the channel number compared to the same signal without application. To determine exactly the shift in channel number after the amplification, a choice for an input signal amplitude to charge the ADC just above noise, then amplifying the same input then recording the channel number (if possible). For example, generating a pulse of 0.1 V amplitude with an offset of 0.06 V using stanford research system pulse generator DG535 will hit channel 291 +_0.34 (run#4829), after the amplification it hits channel number 3767 +_0.78. Input pulse for the attenuator is 1.80V +_ 0.045, and the attenuator output pulse is 222 +_ 2.5 mV (factor of 8.1) when is set on 17.5 dB.

04/26/13

Run Number	attenuation (dB)	Amplification	Average channel Number	Average channel Number - Noise (79)	calculated gain	Notes
4853	0	0	880	801	0	reference for the next two
4854	2	0	553	474	4.6
4855	4	0	304	225	11.0
4860	0	0	3399	3320	0
4861	14	0	98.46	19.46	44.6
4862	0	0	3514	3435	0
4863	14	0	133	54	36.1
4868	0	0	3903	3824	0
4869	14	0	114	35	40.8
4872	0	0	2974	2895	0
4846	24.5	yes	436	357	18.2
4848	18	yes	1720	1641	4.9
4849	20	yes	1213	1134	8.1
4850	14	yes	3210	3131	-0.7
4851	16	yes	2365	2286	2.1

04/27/13

unamplified input pulse passed through an attenuator, the attenuation is changed (without changing the input pulse offset of the input), the results are in the following table:

Run Number	attenuation (dB)	Average channel Number	Average channel Number - Noise (79)	calculated gain
4894	0	3653	3574	0
4897	8	1104	1025	10.8
4898	9	916	837	12.6
4899	6	1531	1452	7.8
4898	3	2380	2301	3.8

04/28/13

Amplified x4 level 4 fine gain

Run Number	attenuation (dB)	Average channel Number	Average channel Number - Noise (79)	calculated gain
4905	0	3779	3700	0
4906	3	2580	2501	3.4
4907	6	1776	1679	6.8
4908	9	1124	1045	10.9
4909	12	626	547	16.6
4910	15	287	208	25
4911	18	99	20	42.6

05/04/13

Amplified x6 level 6 fine gain

With attenuator

According to the calibration curve above the charge collected by the ADC is determined in the table above.[https://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Neutron_TGEM_Detector_Abdel#Run_List3 ]

05/10/13 & 06/03/13

The table below shows the measurements of the charge of a square pulse that has an amplitude of -0.49 V (osc. 0.504+_ 0 V )with a zero offset and a width of 25.2us. The gate width is 70ns.

[math] Q = Q_0 10^{(L_v/20)} [/math]

Run Number	attenuation (dB)	Average channel Number	Pedestal subtracted Average channel Number	calculated gain
5120	0	3876.27	3797	0
5120	3	3057	2977
5123	6	1906	1827
5124	9	1339	1260
5125	12	940	861
5126	14	742	663
data2 06/03/13
5172	0	3818.94 +/- 0.06
5173	3	2685.03 +/- 0.05
5174	6	1889.48 +/- 0.05
5176	9	1322.00 +/- 0.03
5177	12	926.62 +/- 0.03
5178	15	647.03 +/- 0.02

Amplifier

An amplifier (x6 level 6) was added to amplify the signal before attenuation, a square pulse of an amplitude of (1st time-0.18V) and for (the second time 0.47V) (osc. 235 +_ 4 mV) with a zero offset and a width of 25.8us was used, the gate width was 70ns. After the amplification the signal amplitude is (first time 3.42+_ 0.29 V) (2nd time: gate integrate 4.21 +/-0 V).

[math] Q = Q_0 10^{(L_v/20)} [/math]

Run Number	attenuation (dB)	Average channel Number	Average channel Number - Noise (79)	charge collected (nC)	calculated attenuation	expected attenuation	V(mV)
5134	14	3952	3873	1.6552	0		647+_32
5135	15	3503	3424	1.4756	0.997		576+_27
5136	18	2474	2395	1.064	20*log(3952/2472) = 4.2	4	416+_16
5137	21	1752	1673	0.7752	6.589		235+_ 32
5138	24	1206	1127	0.5568	20*log(3873/1127) = 10.7	10	222 +_7
Data2	06/03/13 Pedestal 63
5180	14	2872.76 +/- 0.09					872
5181	15	2477.22 +/- 0.08					782
5182	18	1823.29 +/- 0.08					546
5183	21	1306.90 +/- 0.04					392
5184	24	933.94 +/- 0.03					271

05/24/13

ADC calibration using a battery

Using a 1.5V battery connected to to 5 kohm resistor, then 25 ohm terminated ADC. The oscilloscope measures 15 mV DC voltage for the battery as it is 50 ohm terminated.

Run Number	channel Number	Channel Number - padestal	Gate width (ns)	Charge (nC)
62	851	771	500	0.015*(Gate width)/25 = 0.3
63	1263	1184	750	0.45
64	1702	1623	1000	0.6
65	1250	2072	2151	0.75
66	2500	3897	3976	1.5

05/30/13

ADC calibration using a battery

Using a 1.5V battery with a grounded positive terminal connected to to 5 kohm resistor, then 50 ohm terminated ADC. The oscilloscope measured 14.4 mV DC voltage of the battery when it is 50 ohm terminated.

Run Number	channel Number +_ error	Gate width (ns)	charge (nC)
97	865 +_ 0.04	500	=0.0144*(Gate width=500)/50=0.144
98	493+_0.03	250	0.072
101	1283 +_0.03	750	0.216
102		1000
104	2105 +_ 0.04	1250	0.36
106	3317 +_ 0.02	2000	0.576
107	overcharge	2500

Measurements Notes

1- The slope of the calibration curve as the ADC is connected to the battery with the positive terminal grounded is 178 pC.

2- The ADC manual manual mentioned 100pC gain/count, does count = channel? Also it is measures max. tolerate voltage >25 mV with +_ 2 mV as maximum voltage offset, the battery provides 14.4 mV offset, Does the ADC measure that the battery voltage or consider it more that the offset limit and measure only within the offset limit?

Today 05/31 the equipment moved to the LDS to start our measurements but I am still thinking how to improve our calibration curve measurements to get the right slope.

6/2/13

Measuring the grounded positive terminal battery output again in the LDS, V= 14.7 mV measured by the oscilloscope. (R= 5kohm, V=1.5, I= 1.5/5kohm = 0.3 mA, oscilloscope channel 2 is 46 ohm terminated, then V = 46*0.3mA = 13.8 mV). The ADC noise level in channel 5 (signal channel) is 63 (run #5162) which is 42.1 ohm terminated.

Run Number	channel Number +_ error	channel Number - Pedestal	Gate width width (ns)	charge (pC)
5161	356.14 +/- 0.01	293	178	= 14.7*(Gate width)/42.1 = 62.2
5163	712.09 [math]\pm[/math] 0.02	649	398	139.0
5164	1368.60 +_ 0.02	1305	798	278.6
5165	2662.70 +_ 0.02	2600	1592	555.9
5157	3670 +_ 0.01	3607	2216	773.8

06/04/13

Amplified x6 level 6 fine gain

stanford pulse generator is used as source for a negative pulse of width of 11.8us +/- 3, and the gate width is 32.94 ns +/- 0.02 . all the voltage measurement is recorded by using oscilloscope 46 ohm terminated. So the amplifier input current is (input signal amplitude/46)

Run Number	Average channel Number	Average channel Number - Noise (63)	amplified pulse amp. (mV) +/- SD	input signal (mV)	Charge (pC)
5205	2415.57 +/- 0.13	2352.57	945 +/- 8	51 +/- 1	676.702
5207	2644.05+/- 0.10	2581.05	1040 +/- 8	56 +/- 1	744.730
5208	2840.40+/- 0.15	2777.40	1130 +/- 10	60 +/- 1	809.178
5209	3066.89+/- 0.18	3003.89	1200 +/- 8	65 +/- 1	859.304
5210	3293.51+/- 0.21	3230.51	1280 +/- 8	70 +/- 1	916.591
5214	3744.33+/- 0.15	3681.33	1460 +/- 8	80 +/- 1	1045.49

Time to observe the GEM signal

In the case of triple GEM detector with a gas flow of 0.3 SCFH and 2650V and 2950V on GEM cards and cathode successively, a signal lower than the noise (of 16 mV and amplified twice) is observed at 770.0s +/- 0.1.

The normal rate (8 MHz +/- 2 as measured by the oscilloscope) is observed after 952.9s +/- 0.1.

THGEM card tasks and tests

New THGEM cards

Two new fully machined cards are going to be tested in air and ArCH4, if they passes 2000 V potential bwtween the top and the bottom, then they are going to be installed in ArCh4 gas chamber.

The older THGEM cards will have a high voltage enough to have one spark/min to clean impurities or surface defects.

References

THGEM design

THGEM#9

Media:Shalem_MSthesis_march2005.pdf

Media:Raz_Alon_MSthesis_Dec2007.pdf

Electric field Simulation

Rim size dependence

File:THGEM Efield simulation.pdf

2010 THGEM design(s)

File:THGEM 2009 design gas efficiency.pdf

Simulations_of_Particle_Interactions_with_Matter

Voss and 3 russian references for Dy(n,x) cross sections

http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.3819 Dy photon gammas spectrum

http://www.ippe.obninsk.ru/podr/cjd/kobra13.php?SubentID=30974002

http://www.americanelements.com/thoxst.html

http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0404119

NIM_A535_2004_93[1]

File:NIM A590 2008 pg134 Eberhardt.pdf Prep Targets

Neutron cross sections for different elements Media:Neutron_cross_sections.pdf

http://www-nds.iaea.org/RIPL-2/

Media:n gamma cross sections at 25 keV.jpg

Media:n alpha cross section at 14.2 MeV.jpg

Media:ne cross section at 14 MeV.jpg

Media:high enegy fission x-section.jpg

Media:N_gamma_x-section_at_400_keV.jpg

Media:x-sections of reactions at 14 MeV.jpg

Media:n p x-section at 14.3MeV.jpg

Media: n gamma x-section at 14.5 MeV.jpg

Media: elastic x-section at 0.5 MeV.jpg

Media: n gamma x-section at 1 MeV.jpg

Media: n 2n x-section at 14.3 MeV.jpg

Donald James Hughes, Neutron cross sections, 2nd edition 1958, u.s.a atomic energy commission.Media:Neutron cross sections.pdf

File:NSAE 151 2005 319-334 Y.D. Lee.pdf

TGEM-2009 File:TGEM 2009.pdf

12 Volt power supply system.

http://www.lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/imagem/doc/NIMA_46128.pdf

http://electrontube.com.Media: rp097mono HV divier.pdf

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm#anchor550078

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_board

http://wikipedia.org

A : concise review on THGEM detectors A.Breskin, R. Alon, M. Cortesi, R. Chechik, J. Miyamoto, V. Dangendorf, J. Maia, J. M. F. Dos Santos

GEANT4_Paticles_Models[2]

Resistors online store : http://www.justradios.com/rescart.html

RETGEMs

Media:Jinst8_02_p02012_THGEM_spark.pdf‎

Media:2010_INST_5_P03002.pdf‎

Thick GEM COBRA

Media:THGEM_COBRA_08_10.pdf‎

Media: Nucl_Phys_B_Bidault_ novel UV photon detector.pdf

Media:Mauro micro pattern gaseuos detectors.pdf

Media:Development and First Tests of GEM-Like Detectors With Resistive Electrodes.pdf

http://www.supplydivision.co.uk/genitem.htm

http://www.radioshack.com/search/index.jsp?kwCatId=&kw=24%20gauge%20wires&origkw=24%20gauge%20wires&sr=1

Thick_GEM_versus_thin_GEM_in_two_phase_argon_avalanche_detectors (HV circuit)[3]

Stainless Steel deflection [4]

Data Sheets

radioactive surface cleaner NoCount MDSD File:Radioactive surface cleaner.pdf.

Th-Xsection references

File:Th-232 fxsection Behrens 0.7-1.4MeV.pdf

File:Th-232 fxsection Blons 1975 1.2-1.8MeV.pdf

File:Th-232 fxsection ermagambetov 0-3MeV.pdf

File:Th-232 fxsection Henkel 0-9MeV.pdf

File:Th-232 fxsection Ohsawa original.pdf

File:Th-232 fxsection pankratov 3-35MeV.pdf

File:Th-232 fxsection protopopov distancefromthesource.pdf

File:Th-232 fxsection rago 12.5-18MeV.pdf

U-238-Xsection and coating references

relative cross section and calibration samples characteristics for a well determined number of fissions per second

File:Eismont relative absolute nf induced intermediate energy.pdf

U_238 cross section error analysis

INTERNATIONAL EVALUATION OF NEUTRON CROSS-SECTION STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY,VIENNA, 2007 File:U238-xsection.pdf

U_238 (0.5-4MeV) and Th_232 (1-6MeV) fission cross section with statistical error.File:Th-232 U238 xsetion data ebars.txt

File:Pankratov fxsection Th232 U233 U235 Np237 U238 5-37MeV.pdf

Thorium Coating

ThF4 target for sputtering coatings

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm

Machining Uranium

Uranium will ignite in powder form

http://www.springerlink.com/content/rr072r52163x0833/

coating Uranium

[[5]]

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16864172

Calorimeters/Detectors: DU sheet is in wide-scale use as an absorber material in high-energy physics research at large accelerator laboratories. The high atomic number and density of DU presents a large number of atoms per unit volume to interact with the particles emerging from collisions in these detectors. Also the slight background radiation from DU enables in situ calibration of the electronic read out devices within such detectors, thereby improving the accuracy of measurement.

http://www.2spi.com/catalog/chem/depleted-uranium-products.html

[6]

[7]

IAEA Photonuclear Data Library [8]

Data Acquisition

Warren_logbook[9]

Warren_Thesis [10]

Related To Gaseous Detectors

Breakdown and Detector Failure (10/21/10)

Different kind of micro-pattern detectors

References

1- A. Bressan, M. Hocha : NIM A 424 (1999) 321—342 File:High rate behavior and discharge limits in micro-pattern detectors .pdf

2- Fonte and Peskov IEEE 1999 :File:Fundamental limitations of high rate gaseous detectors.pdf

3- B. Schmidt: NIM A 419 (1998) 230—238 File:Microstrip gas chambers Recent developments radiation damage.pdf

Ideas

1.) Can we mix resistive paste (Encre MINICO) with TH-232. We construct a "bed of nails" to place a predrilled G-10 board with a copper border. The nails fill in the holes of the G-10 to keep the paste out. Ecre MINICO is a resistive paste used for transistors.

a.) Get some resistive paste.

http://www.leggesystems.com/p-253-elimstat-uxm-ccp.aspx

Resistive glue to compare

File:Duralco 4461.pdf

http://www.ellsworth.com/conformal.html?tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=764&Tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=2067&Tab=Products

http://www.cotronics.com/vo/cotr/ea_electricalresistant.htm

b.) mix with a metal similar to Th-232.

c.) construct bed of 0.4 mm nails. Look for 0.4 mm diameter pins.

7/31/2009

New vendor for carbon paste.

http://www.electrapolymers.com/productItem.asp?id=33

The data sheet does not show any information about the thickness of the paste.

The company has a distributor in the usa (877)-867-9668. A phone call is expected on Sat. 8/3/2009 about the availability of the product.

TGEM Mask Design

Coating U-238 or Th-232 is essential for neutron detection in the range 2-14 MeV, but THGEM contains holes that should be protected from any coating material. So, a mask is designed to cover these holes. The holes are in drilled to be on the corners of hexagonal of 1mm side length as in the figure:

The mask is made of stainless steel, 10 um laser tolerance with cut the plate to get the shape in the figure:

Please look at the following files for more details:

Make number bold black font. Add color so it is clear that they are holes in a material.

File:Copper foil 04mm.pdf

File:Holes mask together.pdf

TGEM_Mask_Design

P_D

Performance of THGEM as a Neutron Detector

H_Proposal_Defense

Vendor

Thick Film Screen Printers

http://www.sciquip.com/browses/browse_Cat.asp?Category=Screen+Printers

http://www.marubeni-sunnyvale.com/screen_printing.html

Go Back TGEMS

tektronix oscilloscope

134.50.3.73

http://134.50.203.63/

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