Difference between revisions of "PAA Selenium"

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=Can one use plant material to measure the provenance of selenium?=
 
=Can one use plant material to measure the provenance of selenium?=
  
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=Can one perform PAA measurements of Se-82 and Se-76?=
+
[[Se_Overview_PrevMeas]]
  
 +
As shown in the Figure below, the Se-82/Se-76 ratio varies from -1.2% to +0.2% for plant materials but remains relatively constant for other materials.  The variations in plant material has been described as being due to differences in the bacteria residing in the plant.  The question to investigate is whether or not these variations in the concentration can be used to determine the provenance of the sample.
  
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==Neutron knockout of Se-82==
 
−
If you knock a neutron out of Se-82 you produce the unstable isotope Se-81 which Beta emitts with half life of 18 min and a meta-state that emmits a 103 keV gamma with a 57 minute half life.
 
  
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<math>{82 \atop 34\; }Se (\gamma,n){81 \atop \; }Se</math>
 
  
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Other prominent photons
 
  
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260 & 276 keV for the 57 minute half life isotope
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[[File:Krouse_Fig_1.png | 200 px]]
  
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==Neutron knockout of Se-76==
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== Below is a table listing the natural abundances of Selenium==
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If you knock a neutron out of Se-76 you produce the unstable isotope Se-75 which has a half life of 119 days.
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Natural abundance of selenium
  
−
<math>{76 \atop\; }Se (\gamma,n){75 \atop \; }Se</math>
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  {| border="3"  cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
−
 
+
| Isotope|| Abundance
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The prominent photons emitted have the following energies
 
−
 
 
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136, 264, and 279 keV
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
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The article below describes how plant material and soil contain Se-76 to Se-82 ratios that differ from other natural samples by 1.5%.  They argue that it is due to the bacteria living in plant material. 
 
−
 
 
−
[[File:Krouse_CanJournChem_40_1962_p367.pdf]]
 
−
 
 
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Plant material is a natural way to sample the selenium content to determine if there are difference isotopic ratios due to the impact of human activities on the environment.
 
−
 
 
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=Experiments=
 
−
 
 
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==Chlorine==
 
−
 
 
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It looks like Cl-35 is abundant as you see photon energies of 146 keV and 2127 keV (you can barely see 1176 keV) from Cl-34's decay (neutron knocked out of Cl-35).
 
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The half life is 32 minutes.
 
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Should check the half life from the run AccOnAlInDetASe-AinDetD_001.root using the calibration
 
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  MPA->Draw("0.18063+0.960133*evt.Chan>> SeRun_008(8000,0.5,8000.5)","evt.ADCid==3");
 
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== Irradiation of Horse Mineral Supplement==
 
−
 
 
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=== Chlorine is a dominant signal===
 
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First, look at the peak around 146 keV
 
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[[File:146_keV.png | 200 px]]
 
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Next I plotted the counts as a function of time to get an exponentially decaying graph. When doing an exponential fit here, the parameter "b" given by root will be the decay constant.
 
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[[File:Counts_vs_time_146kev.png | 200 px]]
 
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Root gives a value b = 3.83655x10^-4, which yields a half life of 30.11 minutes.
 
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−
 
 
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Now do the same for the 2127 keV line
 
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[[File:2127_keV.png | 200 px]]
 
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Here are the counts plotted as a function of time
 
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[[File:Counts_vs_time_2127keV.png | 200 px ]]
 
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Root gives b = 3.31508x10^-4, which yields a half life of 34.8 minutes.
 
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−
 
 
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=== Potassium is a potential signal ===
 
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Looking at the spectrum for the fast irradiation sample, there are 2 prominent lines that could be from 38-K. The mechanism would be a single neutron knockout from a stable 39-K nucleus. The two most dominant energies of the three for 38-K are 2167 keV and 3936 keV and the half life is 7.63 minutes. Below is a fit to the energy spectrum histogram
 
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[[File:2168_peak.png | 200 px]]
 
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Now check the half life
 
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[[File:2168keV_halflife.png | 200 px]]
 
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Root gives a value for b = -1.44513x10^(-3), which in turn gives a half life of 8 minutes
 
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Next check the 3936 peak
 
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[[File: 3937_Peak.png | 200 px ]]
 
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and check the half life
 
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[[File: 3937_halflife.png | 200 px ]]
 
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Root gives a value for b = - 1.52044x10^(-3), which in turn gives a half life of 7.6 minutes
 
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It seems very possible that 38-K could be in the sample of horse feed.
 
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===Possible Yb-167 in the Sample===
 
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Yb-167 has a half life of 17.5 minutes and can be produced by knocking a neutron out of Yb-168, which is stable.
 
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I looked at the horse feed spectrum and compared the spectral lines for Yb-167, below is a table of those results:
 
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{| border="3"  cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
−
| Energy (keV) || Spectrum Energy (keV) || Half life (min)
 
 
|-
 
|-
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| 90.84 || 89 || 18.23
+
| Se-74  || 0.86%
 
|-
 
|-
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| 106.18 || 105 || 18.0
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| Se-76 || 9.23%
 
|-
 
|-
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| 112.88 || 113 || 18.86
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| Se-77 || 7.60%
 
|-
 
|-
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| 132.02 || 137 || 19.2 
+
| Se-78 || 23.69%
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 161.29 || 161 || 17.3 
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| Se-80 || 49.80%
 
|-
 
|-
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| 203.75 || 204 || 17.27
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| Se-82 || 8.82%
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|-
+
|}
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| 280.5 || 281 || 17.0
+
 
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|-
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== Below are possible PAA reactions that may be used to observe specific Se isotopes==
−
| 290.89|| 289 || 16.7  
+
 
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|-
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{| border="3" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
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| 323.5|| 322 || 16.6
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| Reaction|| Half-life ||Relative activity ||Gamma-rays, keV (BR)
−
|-
 
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| 354.0 || 354|| 16.7 
 
−
|-
 
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| 375.9 || 378|| 15.5
 
−
|-
 
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| 387.0 || 388.4|| 19.1
 
 
|-
 
|-
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| 398.1 || 402|| 16.1
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| Se-74(gamma,n)Se-73  || 7.1 h || 1.5E-1 || 361 (100)
 
|-
 
|-
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|688.5 || 691 || 15.6
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| Se-74(gamma,n)Se-73m  || 39 m || 3.2 || 402 (4)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|733.2 || 736 || 17.1
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| Se-74(gamma,np)As-72  || 26 h || 1.0E-3 || 834 (100)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|920.32 || 922 || 16.6
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| Se-76(gamma,n)Se-75  || 120 d || 1.3E-2 || 265(29)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|977.9 || 980 || 16.9
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| Se-77(gamma,p)As-76  || 26.4 h || 4.4E-2 || 559(44)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1025.9 || 1028 || 16.9
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| Se-78(gamma,p)As-77  || 38.8 h || 8.6E-2 || 239(2)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1242 || 1245 || 17.5
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| Se-80(gamma,n)Se-79m  || 3.9 m || 5.9 || 96(10)
 
|-
 
|-
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|1340.1 || 1341 || 16.5
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| Se-80(gamma,np)As-78 || 1.5 h || 2.2E-2 || 614(54)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1410.4 || 1413 || 18.6
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| Se-80(gamma,p)As-79  || 8.2 m || 1.3 || 96(9)
−
|-
 
−
|1433.4 || 1437 || 16
 
 
|-
 
|-
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|1631.7 || 1630 || 19.6
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| Se-80(gamma,<math>a</math>p)Ge-75  || 83 m || 2.8E-1 || 265(11)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
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The average of these half lives is 17.22 minutes, but it turns out this was just coincidental noise meaning we must overbin the spectrum.
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=Can one perform PAA measurements of Se-82 and Se-76?=
  
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===Investigation of Se_B_002===
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[[Se_PAA_Reactions]]
  
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Using the Se_B_002, I will investigate the peaks seen in the spectrum.
+
=Experiments=
  
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The first peak seen in the spectrum was at 74.1 \%pm%\ 2.947 keV. The half life was found to be 324.94 days. When doing the rad search I used a window from 69-79 keV and a half life window from 200-400 days.
+
==[[PAA_Selenium_ActivityCalc]]==
  
 +
[[PAA Selenium/Soil Experiments]]
  
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{| border="3"  cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
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[[LB Se PAA Horse Feed Experiment]]
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|  Isotope || Energy (keV) || I(%) || Half life 
+
 
−
|-
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==Background Signals==
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| 153-Gd  || 69.67 ||2.419 || 240 days 
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[[PAA_BackGrd_Det_A]]
−
|-
 
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| 254-Es || 69.7 || not given || 275.7 days
 
−
|-
 
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| 254-Es || 70.4 || not given || 275.7 days
 
−
|-
 
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| 153-Gd || 75.4 || 0.0783 ||  240.4 days
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
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254-Es doesn't really have a mechanism to produce this isotope. The nearest stable isotope would have to have greater than a quadruple neutron knockout, or a triple proton knockout.
 
  
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153-Gd could possibly be produce from 154-Gd by knocking out a neutron, but the half life is still far off. The hottest decay lines for 153-Gd are 97.4 and 103.2 keV with I = 29 and I = 21.11 respectively. Neither of these lines are seen in the spectrum so it is unlikely that it is either of these isotopes.
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==Nickel Normalization==
 +
[[LB PAA Nickel Investigation]]
  
 +
== First Observation of Se lines==
  
 +
Using the 44 Machine at 7 kW power and 44 meV incident electron energy to produce a bremsstrahlung spectrum with a mean energy of 15 meV.
  
  
 +
All runs lasting less than 214 seconds have time stamp that gives real time if you divide by clock frequency of 20 MHz.  The first 32 bits are used for a real time measurement.
  
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The next clear peak is seen at 85.5 \%pm%\ 3.89 keV. The half life was found to be 99.1 days. When doing the rad search I set a range of energies from 75-95 keV with a half life range from 50-150 days. The possible isotope information is below
 
  
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{| border="3"  cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
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== MDA and Se mass Calculations ==
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|  Isotope || Energy (keV) || Ig(%) || Half life 
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[[LB MDA/Se Mass Calculations]]
−
|-
 
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| 257-Fm  || 75.0 ||0.200 || 100.5 days 
 
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|-
 
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| 174m-Lu || 76.47 || 0.0638 || 142 days
 
−
|-
 
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| 170-Tm || 78.63 || 0.00347 || 128.6 days
 
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|-
 
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| 159-Dy || 79.45 || 0.00048 ||  144.4 days
 
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|-
 
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| 168-Tm || 79.804 || 10.53 || 93.1 days
 
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|-
 
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|258-Md || 80.1 || 2.43 || 51.5 days
 
−
|-
 
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|257-Fm || 80.2 || 0.085 || 100.5 days
 
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|-
 
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|75-Se || 80.94 || 0.0077 || 119.779 days
 
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|-
 
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|183-Re || 82.9182 || 0.294 || 70.0 days
 
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|-
 
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|170-Tm || 85.25474 || 2.5 || 128.6 days
 
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|-
 
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|182-Ta || 84.6802 || 2.65 || 114.43 days
 
−
|-
 
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|183-Re || 84.7125 || 0.97 || 70.0 days
 
−
|-
 
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|188-W || 85.32 || 0.0024 || 69.4 days
 
−
|-
 
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|160-Tb || 86.7882 || 13.15 || 72.3 days
 
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|-
 
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|258-Md || 86.9 || 0.5615 || 51.5 days
 
−
|-
 
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|168-Tm || 87.73 || 0.000016 || 93.1 days
 
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|-
 
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|127m-Te || 88.26 || 0.084 || 109 days
 
−
|-
 
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|123m-Te || 88.46 || 0.092 || 119.7 days
 
−
|-
 
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|175-Hf || 89.36 || 2.4 || 70 days
 
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|-
 
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|258-Md || 91.0 || 0.3018 || 51.5
 
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|-
 
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|148-Eu || 92.6 || 0.019 || 54.5 days
 
−
|-
 
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|151-Gd || 93.21 || 0.0019 || 124 days
 
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|-
 
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|160-Tb || 93.919 || 0.0566 || 72.3 days
 
−
|}
 
  
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The following isotopes have mechanisms that are larger than a 2 neutron/proton knockout and larger than 1n1p knockout:
+
==IAC Detector Efficiencies ==
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257-Fm, 258-Md, 148-Eu.
 
  
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== First Observation of Se lines==
+
[[LB PAA IAC Detector Efficiencies]]
  
−
Using the 44 Machine at 7 kW power and 44 meV incident electron energy to produce a bremsstrahlung spectrum with a mean energy of 15 meV.
+
==IAC Detector Calibrations==
  
 +
[[LB April DetB DetA Calibration]]
  
−
All runs lasting less than 214 seconds have time stamp that gives real time if you divide by clock frequency of 20 MHz.  The first 32 bits are used for a real time measurement.
+
==Runlists==
 +
[[LB PAA Runlist 4/01/16 - 06/02/16]]
  
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== Detector Efficiency ==
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[[LB March 2017 Runlist]]
  
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Below is the runlist for finding the efficiency of the detector at position R
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[[LB_May_2017_Irradiation_Day]]
  
 +
=Data Analysis=
  
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{| border="3"  cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
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|  Source || Serial # || Reference Date || Activity || Start || Stop || Live 
 
−
|-
 
−
| Na-22  || 129743 || 7-01-08 || 9.427 microCi || 15:49 || 16:19 || 1796.803 
 
−
|-
 
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| Cs-137 || 129793 || 7-01-08 || 1.006 microCi || 14:25 || 14:56 || 1879.606
 
−
|-
 
−
| Mn-54 || 129807 || 7-01-08 || 11.77 microCi || 15:00 || 15:30 || 1793.420
 
−
|-
 
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| Co-60 || 129740 || 7-01-08 || 10.42 microCi || 15:33 || 15:43 || 569.725
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
 +
[[LB_Feb2017_Se_Investigations]]
  
 +
=References=
  
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[[SeRun_01-11-16]]
 
  
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[[SeRun_03-07-16]]
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[[User_talk:Brenleyt]]
  
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=References=
 
  
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 +
 +
[[File:Krouse_CanJournChem_40_1962_p367.pdf]]
 +
 +
Goryachev, A. M., & Zalesnyy, G. N. (n.d.). The studying of the photoneutron reactions cross sections in the region of the giant dipole resonance in zinc, germanium, selenium, and strontium isotopes. Retrieved September 16, 2016, from http://www-nds.indcentre.org.in/exfor/servlet/X4sSearch5?EntryID=220070
 +
 +
Goryachev, B. I., Ishkhanov, B. S., Kapitonov, I. M., Piskarev, I. M., Piskarev, V. G., & Piskarev, O. P. (n.d.). Giant Dipole Resonance on Ni Isotopes. Retrieved October 26, 2016, from http://www-nds.indcentre.org.in/exfor/servlet/X4sGetSubent?reqx=119235&subID=220597006&plus=1
 +
 +
 +
 +
Handbook on Photonuclear data for applications, cross sections, and spectra. (2000, October). Retrieved November 4, 2016, from http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1178_prn.pdf
  
 
=MSDS=
 
=MSDS=

Latest revision as of 22:10, 17 May 2019

Using PAA ro measure Selenium concentrations.

According to Krouse<ref name="Krous1962"> H.R. Krause and H.G. Thode,"Thermodynamic Properties and Geochemistry of Iosotopic Compounds of Selenium",.Can. J. Chem., vol 40, pg 367</ref> , the fractional concentration of Se-82/Se-76 in plant material is observed to be less than from primordial (meteoric) concentrations by as much as 1.2%. Anaerobic bacteria are known to reduce selenates and senelites in biological systems. This may be the reason plant material has fractionation of selenium isotopes. They also observe excess concentrations of up to 0.4% in soil.


Plant material appears to detect environmental selenium.

Can one use plant material to measure the provenance of selenium?

Se_Overview_PrevMeas

As shown in the Figure below, the Se-82/Se-76 ratio varies from -1.2% to +0.2% for plant materials but remains relatively constant for other materials. The variations in plant material has been described as being due to differences in the bacteria residing in the plant. The question to investigate is whether or not these variations in the concentration can be used to determine the provenance of the sample.



Krouse Fig 1.png

Below is a table listing the natural abundances of Selenium

Natural abundance of selenium

Isotope Abundance
Se-74 0.86%
Se-76 9.23%
Se-77 7.60%
Se-78 23.69%
Se-80 49.80%
Se-82 8.82%

Below are possible PAA reactions that may be used to observe specific Se isotopes

Reaction Half-life Relative activity Gamma-rays, keV (BR)
Se-74(gamma,n)Se-73 7.1 h 1.5E-1 361 (100)
Se-74(gamma,n)Se-73m 39 m 3.2 402 (4)
Se-74(gamma,np)As-72 26 h 1.0E-3 834 (100)
Se-76(gamma,n)Se-75 120 d 1.3E-2 265(29)
Se-77(gamma,p)As-76 26.4 h 4.4E-2 559(44)
Se-78(gamma,p)As-77 38.8 h 8.6E-2 239(2)
Se-80(gamma,n)Se-79m 3.9 m 5.9 96(10)
Se-80(gamma,np)As-78 1.5 h 2.2E-2 614(54)
Se-80(gamma,p)As-79 8.2 m 1.3 96(9)
Se-80(gamma,[math]a[/math]p)Ge-75 83 m 2.8E-1 265(11)

Can one perform PAA measurements of Se-82 and Se-76?

Se_PAA_Reactions

Experiments

PAA_Selenium_ActivityCalc

PAA Selenium/Soil Experiments

LB Se PAA Horse Feed Experiment

Background Signals

PAA_BackGrd_Det_A

Nickel Normalization

LB PAA Nickel Investigation

First Observation of Se lines

Using the 44 Machine at 7 kW power and 44 meV incident electron energy to produce a bremsstrahlung spectrum with a mean energy of 15 meV. 


All runs lasting less than 214 seconds have time stamp that gives real time if you divide by clock frequency of 20 MHz.  The first 32 bits are used for a real time measurement.


MDA and Se mass Calculations

LB MDA/Se Mass Calculations

IAC Detector Efficiencies

LB PAA IAC Detector Efficiencies

IAC Detector Calibrations

LB April DetB DetA Calibration

Runlists

LB PAA Runlist 4/01/16 - 06/02/16

LB March 2017 Runlist

LB_May_2017_Irradiation_Day

Data Analysis

LB_Feb2017_Se_Investigations

References

User_talk:Brenleyt


<references/>

File:Krouse CanJournChem 40 1962 p367.pdf

Goryachev, A. M., & Zalesnyy, G. N. (n.d.). The studying of the photoneutron reactions cross sections in the region of the giant dipole resonance in zinc, germanium, selenium, and strontium isotopes. Retrieved September 16, 2016, from http://www-nds.indcentre.org.in/exfor/servlet/X4sSearch5?EntryID=220070

Goryachev, B. I., Ishkhanov, B. S., Kapitonov, I. M., Piskarev, I. M., Piskarev, V. G., & Piskarev, O. P. (n.d.). Giant Dipole Resonance on Ni Isotopes. Retrieved October 26, 2016, from http://www-nds.indcentre.org.in/exfor/servlet/X4sGetSubent?reqx=119235&subID=220597006&plus=1


Handbook on Photonuclear data for applications, cross sections, and spectra. (2000, October). Retrieved November 4, 2016, from http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1178_prn.pdf

MSDS

Selenium shot, amorphous, 2-6 mm, Puratronic, 99.999% Alfa Aesar product # 10603 File:AlphaAesarSelenium MDSD.pdf

Informative links

http://www.deq.idaho.gov/regional-offices-issues/pocatello/southeast-idaho-phosphate-mining/southeast-idaho-selenium-investigations/

https://inldigitallibrary.inl.gov/sti/3169894.pdf

http://giscenter.isu.edu/research/Techpg/sisp/index.htm


PAA_Research

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