X-ray Worldwide facilities

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Nuclear_fusion [1]

Magnetic_confinement_fusion[2]

Inertial_confinement_fusion (ICF) [3]

740px-Inertial confinement fusion.svg.png

Schematic of the stages of inertial confinement fusion using lasers. The blue arrows represent radiation; orange is blowoff; purple is inwardly transported thermal energy.

  1. Laser beams or laser-produced X-rays rapidly heat the surface of the fusion target, forming a surrounding plasma envelope.
  2. Fuel is compressed by the rocket-like blowoff of the hot surface material.
  3. During the final part of the capsule implosion, the fuel core reaches 20 times the density of lead and ignites at 100,000,000 ˚C.
  4. Thermonuclear burn spreads rapidly through the compressed fuel, yielding many times the input energy.


Worldwide Installations able to produce ICF

  • National_Ignition_Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [4]
  • Laser_Megajoule in Bordeaux, France [5]
  • Z machine at the Sandia National Laboratories [6]
    • 1996 Z machine: 18 MA 100ns
    • 2006 ZR (Refurbished): 27MA 95ns
    • planned ZN (Z Neutron): 20 and 30 MJ per short
    • planned Z-IFE (Z-inertial fusion energy): 70MA 1 petawatt
    • fact: As of 2012 Fusion shot simulations at 60 to 70 million amperes are showing a 100 to 1000 fold return on input energy

X/Z-Pinch Installation

  • ANGARA-5-1 (Russia) [7] 4 MA, 100 ns
  • MAGPIE, Imperial College, London 1.4 MA, 240 ns
  • GEPOPU, Imperial College, London 180 kA, 120 ns
  • COBRA, Cornell University, 1 MA, 95-180 ns
  • XP Pulser, Cornell University, 450 kA, 50 ns
  • SATURN
  • QiangGuang-1, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 1 MA, 50 ns
  • PPG-1, Beijing, China 400 kA, 100 ns
  • Light II-A, China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) 200 kA

Compact X-Pinch

  • Table Top, Beijing, China 100 kA, 60 ns