Flux of Incoming Particles

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Flux of Incoming Particles

Classically

Working with a beam of electrons, we can define a pulse as n charges per unit volume, each carrying charge q and moving with speed [math]v_d[/math]. Defining [math]v_d[/math] to be the time-average speed of the electrons, we can find the number of particles within a beam. If A is the beam cross-sectional area, then l, the length of the pulse , has a volume Al with nAl charges within its bounds. Since each electron carries charge q, the total charge is

Pulse.png


[math]Q\equiv nlqA [/math]


Defining the charge density as

[math]\rho \equiv \frac{Q}{V}=nlq\frac{A}{V}[/math]


The time it takes the pulse to move past a given point

[math] t=\frac{l}{v_d}[/math]


The total current is

[math]I=\frac{Q}{t}=\frac{nAlq}{\frac{l}{v_d}}=nAqv_d[/math]


The current density

[math]j\equiv \frac{I}{A}=nqv_d[/math]


[math]n=\frac{\vec j}{q\vec v_d}[/math]


where [math]\vec v_d[/math] is the drift velocity.

Beam Power =[math]\le 5000W\ (450A\ at\ 11GeV)[/math]


Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

[math]E^2 \equiv p^2+m^2[/math]


Using the operator relations

[math]\widehat{E}=i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \qquad \widehat{ \vec{p}}=i\hbar \nabla[/math]


[math]\widehat{E}^2 \equiv \widehat{ \vec{p}}\ ^2+m^2\Rightarrow (i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t})^2 \equiv (i\hbar \widehat{\vec{\nabla}})^2+m^2[/math]

Working with [math]\hbar=c=1[/math]


[math]\widehat{E}^2 \equiv \widehat{ \vec{p}}\ ^2+m^2\Rightarrow - \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \equiv (-\widehat{\vec{\nabla}})^2+m^2[/math]


Having this equation operate on a particle's wave function, we can obtain the relativistic Schrödinger equation, also known as the Klein-Gordon equation.

[math]-\frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial t^2}+\nabla^2 \phi=m^2 \phi[/math]


[math]\frac{\partial^2 \phi}{\partial t^2}-\nabla^2 \phi+m^2=0 [/math]


Letting [math]\Box \equiv \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}-\nabla^2[/math]

The Klein-Gordon equation can be written as


[math](\Box+m^2)\phi =0[/math]


Multiplying by the complex conjugate


[math]\phi^*(\Box+m^2)\phi =0 \qquad \phi(\Box+m^2)\phi^* =0[/math]


Subtracting

[math]\phi^*(\Box+m^2)\phi - \phi(\Box+m^2)\phi^* =0[/math]


[math]\phi^*\Box \phi - \phi\Box \phi^* =0[/math]



[math]\phi^* (\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}-\nabla^2) \phi - \phi( \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}-\nabla^2) \phi^* =0[/math]


[math]\phi^* \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \phi-\phi^*\nabla^2 \phi - \phi \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}\phi^*+\phi \nabla^2 \phi^* =0[/math]


From the conservation of probabilty, we know that


[math]-\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\int_V \rho dV=\int_S \vec{j} \cdot \hat{n} dS=\int_V \vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{j} dV[/math]


[math]\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}=\vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{j}=0[/math]


This can be written in the form

[math]\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\rho=\vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{j}=0[/math]


where

[math]\rho \equiv \Psi^* \Psi [/math] is the probability density


[math]\vec{j} \equiv \rho \vec{v}=\rho \frac{\vec{p}}{m}[/math] is the probability current


[math]\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left [i \left (\phi^*\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial t}-\phi \frac{\partial \phi^*}{\partial t} \right ) \right ]+\vec \nabla \cdot \left [-i\left (\phi^*\vec \nabla \phi-\phi \vec \nabla \phi^* \right ) \right ]=0[/math]


[math]\phi=Ne^{i\vec p \cdot \vec x -iEt}[/math]


[math]\rho=i(-2iE)|N|^2=2E|N|^2[/math]


[math]\vec j=-i(2i\vec p)|N|^2=2\vec p|N|^2[/math]


The number of particles in a beam passing through a unit area per unit time is

[math]\frac{Number\ of\ beam\ particles}{time\times Volume}=[/math]
[math]\frac{|\vec v_1|2E_1}{V}[/math]


The number of stationary target particles per unit volume is


[math]\frac{Number\ of\ target\ particles}{Volume}[/math]


[math]\frac{2E_2}{V}[/math]


Initial flux=[math]|\vec v_1|\frac{2E_1}{V} \frac{2E_2}{V}[/math]


[math]F=2E_1 2E_2|\vec {v}_1-\vec {v}_2|=4|E_1E_2\vec v_{21}|[/math]


where [math]v_{21}[/math] is the relative velocity between the particles in the frame where particle 1 is at rest


[math]\mathbf P_1 \cdot \mathbf P_2 = E_{1}E_{2}-(\vec p_1 \vec p_2)= E_{1}E_{2}[/math]


Using the relativistic definition of energy

[math]E^2 \equiv p^2+m^2=m^2[/math]


[math]\rightarrow \mathbf P_1 \cdot \mathbf P_2 =mE_{2}[/math]


Letting [math]E_{21}\equiv E_2[/math] be the energy of particle 2 wiith respect to particle 1, the relativistic energy equation can be rewritten such that


[math]|p_{21}^2| =E_{21}^2-m^2=\frac{(\mathbf P_1 \cdot \mathbf P_2)^2}{m^2}-m^2=\frac{(\mathbf P_1 \cdot \mathbf P_2)^2-m^4}{m^2}[/math]

where similarly [math]p_{21}[/math] is defined as the momentum of particle 2 with respect to particle 1.



The relative velocity can be expressed as


[math] v_{21}=\frac{|\vec p_{21}|}{E_{21}}[/math]


[math]F=2E_1 2E_2|\vec {v}_1-\vec {v}_2|=4|mE_{21}\vec v_{12}|=4|mE_{21}\frac{|\vec p_{21}|}{E_{21}}|=4m|\vec p_{21}|[/math]


The invariant form of F is

[math]F=4\sqrt{(\mathbf P_1 \cdot \mathbf P_2)^2-m^4}[/math]


[math]\mathbf P_1 \cdot \mathbf P_2 = E_{1}E_{2}-(\vec p_1 \vec p_2)[/math]


where in the center of mass frame [math]E_1=E_2[/math] and [math] \vec p_1^*=-\vec p_2^*[/math]


[math]\mathbf P_1 \cdot \mathbf P_2 = E_1^2+\vec p_1\,^{*2}[/math]


[math]F=4\sqrt{(E_1^2+\vec p_1\,^{*2})^2-m^4}=4\sqrt{(\vec p_1 \,^{*2}+m^2+\vec p_1\,^{*2})^2-m^4}[/math]


[math]F=4\sqrt{(2\vec p_1\,^{*2}+m^2)^2-m^4}=4\sqrt{4\vec p_1\,^{*4}+m^4+4\vec p_1\,^{*2}m-m^4}[/math]



[math]F_{cms}=4 \sqrt {4m^2\vec p_1\,^{*2}+4\vec p_1 \,^{*4}}[/math]


[math]F_{cms}=4 \sqrt {\vec p_1\,^{*2}4(m^2+\vec p_1 \,^{*2})}[/math]


As shown earlier

[math]s_{CM}=4(m^2+\vec p_1 \,^{*2})[/math]



[math]F_{cms}=4 \sqrt {\vec p_1^*\,^2s}[/math]