Definition of Shale

Shale was assumed to have the chemical composition of

and a density of 2.6 g/[math]\mbox{cm}^3[/math]


G4Element* O = new G4Element("Oxygen"  , "O", z=8., a= 16.00*g/mole);
G4Element* Al = new G4Element("Aluminum"  , "Al", z=13., a= 26.98*g/mole);
G4Element* Si = new G4Element("Silicon"  , "Si", z=14., a= 28.085*g/mole);
G4Element* H = new G4Element("Hydrogen"  , "H", z=1., a= 1.008*g/mole);

G4Material* Shale = new G4Material("Shale", density= 2.6*g/cm3, nel=4);
Shale->AddElement(Al, 15*perCent);
Shale->AddElement(Si, 15*perCent);
Shale->AddElement(O, 38*perCent);
Shale->AddElement(H, 32*perCent);

Photon Attenuation in Shale

According to the XCOM database, the attenuation length for a 1.8 MeV photon is 0.16 /cm and 0.895 is 0.22/cm through shale.

File:XCOM attenuation4Shale.pdf

Directing a 1.8 MeV beam of photons in GEANT4 towards various thicknesses of shale produced the graph below.

XCOM predicts an attenuation coefficient of 0.0441 cm^2/g which becomes 0.12/cm when you multiply by the shale density of 2.6 g/cm^3. The fit to GEANT4's predictions above produces a value of 0.1/cm when you plot the number of photons that pass through the shale and still have an energy of 1.8 MeV.

If I use a point source isotropically emitting 1800 keV photons I observe

which gives a the value of 0.1/cm as well.

Yittrium in Shale

A simulation of the penetration of the 0.895 and 1.8 MeV photons from Yittrium through shale.

GEANT4 create a point source or 895 keV photon and another with 1800 keV photons iostropically distributed.

A 4" thick piece of shale was placed between the source and the detector.

Two ratios were constructed.

Insert a single crack

A simulation was performed that predicted the transmission of photons through 10 centimeters of shale. The shale is in the form of a cylinder with a hole through the central axis.

The source was a uniform points source. One set of simulations used a 1.8 MeV photon and another used a 0.895 photon.