X-ray Worldwide facilities

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Nuclear_fusion [1]

Inertial_confinement_fusion (ICF) [3]

Schematic of the stages of inertial confinement fusion using lasers. The blue arrows represent radiation; orange is blowoff; purple is inwardly transported thermal energy.

1. Laser beams or laser-produced X-rays rapidly heat the surface of the fusion target, forming a surrounding plasma envelope.
2. Fuel is compressed by the rocket-like blowoff of the hot surface material.
3. During the final part of the capsule implosion, the fuel core reaches 20 times the density of lead and ignites at 100,000,000 ˚C.
4. Thermonuclear burn spreads rapidly through the compressed fuel, yielding many times the input energy.

Worldwide Installations able to produce ICF

• National_Ignition_Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [4]
• Laser_Megajoule in Bordeaux, France [5]

Fact: As of 2012 Fusion shot simulations at 60 to 70 million amperes are showing a 100 to 1000 fold return on input energy

X/Z-Pinch Installation

• Z machine, Sandia National Laboratories [6]
  • 1996 Z machine: 18 MA 100ns
  • 2006 ZR (Refurbished): 27MA 95ns
  • planned ZN (Z Neutron): 20 and 30 MJ per short
  • planned Z-IFE (Z-inertial fusion energy): 70MA 1 petawatt
• SATURN, Sandia National Laboratory, 8MA
• ANGARA-5-1 (Russia) [7] 4 MA, 100 ns
• MAGPIE, Imperial College, London 1.4 MA, 240 ns
• GEPOPU, Imperial College, London 180 kA, 120 ns
• COBRA, Cornell University, 1 MA, 95-180 ns
• XP Pulser, Cornell University, 450 kA, 50 ns
• QiangGuang-1, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 1 MA, 50 ns
• PPG-1, Beijing, China 400 kA, 100 ns
• Light II-A, China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) 200 kA

Compact X-Pinch

• Table Top, Beijing, China 100 kA, 60 ns, 2m x 1.1m x 1.2m
• Compact Pulse Generator, Institute of High Current Electronics, Tomsk, 300 kA, 200 ns, 70 kg
• PIAF, France, 250 kA, 180 ns
• Table-top X-pinch, France, 40 kA, 30ns
• Compact X-Pinch X-rau source, University of California, 80 kA, 40 ns