TF EIM Chapt6

Load Line

The load line represents the bias conditions in which the [math]I_C -vs V_{CE}[/math] dependence is linear;(i.e.: a constance Resistance). Setting up a circuit which changes the transistor bias along the load line means that the transistor is behaving like a resistor.

Consider the collector-Emitter side of the transistor below.

Kirchoff's loops theorem is

[math]V_{CC} - I_CR_C -V_{CE} = 0[/math]

[math]\Rightarrow[/math]

[math]I_C = \frac{V_{CC}}{R_C} - \frac{1}{R_C} V_{CE}[/math]

A graph of [math]I_C -vs- V_{CE}[/math] is a line with a slope of[math] - \frac{1}{R_C}[/math] and a y-intercept of [math]\frac{V_{CC}}{R_C}[/math].

If [math]I_C=0[/math] then [math]V_{CE} = V_{CC}[/math].

The point Q_0 in the above curve represents a "Quiescent" point where the best amplification occurs because it is in the middle of the operating point.

Q_0 is the cutoff point where there is no output:ie; the base current is zero.

Q_S is the point where the amplifier is saturating. he transistor can;t supply the needed drive current so the output is truncated.

Temperature Dependence

As the temperature increases the impurity atoms tend to diffuse through the semiconductor fro high concentration regions to low concentration regions.

This diffusion changes the[math] I_C -vs- V_{CE}[/math] curve near the saturation region because the diode biasing voltages change.

You don't want the temperature change of the transistor to change the bias conditions of the transistor.

Bipolar Transistor Amplifier

Consider the above circuit.

Observations

1.) Notice the input goes through a high pass filter with a break point of[math] \frac{1}{R_1 C_1}[/math].

2.) The output also goes through a high pass filter with a break point of[math] \frac{1}{R_l C_2}[/math].

3.) Kirchoff voltage rule

[math]V_{CC} -I_C R_C - V_{CE} - I_E R_E = 0[/math]

[math]V_{CC} - V_{CE} -I_C (R_C + R_E) = 0[/math] [math]I_C \approx I_E[/math]

[math]\Rightarrow I_C =\frac{ V_{CC} - V_{CE}}{R_C + R_E }[/math]

4.) Kirchoff law

[math]V_{CC} -(I_B + I_D) R_2 - V_{EB} - I_E R_E = 0[/math]

5.) INput resistance

[math]\frac{1}{R_{in}} = \frac{1}{X_B} + \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2}[/math]

6.)

[math]V_B = \frac{R_1}{R_1+R_2} V_{CC}[/math]

Forest_Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurement