Difference between revisions of "TF IsotopeTracers"

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=MRI RFP=
 
=MRI RFP=
 +
 +
 +
 +
http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=6186
 +
 +
"2) Development of New Instrumentation, Analytical Techniques or Software that will extend current research and research training capabilities in the Earth sciences.  The maximum request is $1,000,000;"
 +
  
 
http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2013/nsf13517/nsf13517.htm
 
http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2013/nsf13517/nsf13517.htm
 +
  
 
'''Highlights'''.
 
'''Highlights'''.
Line 21: Line 29:
  
 
[[NSF-MRI_2013]]
 
[[NSF-MRI_2013]]
 +
 +
 +
The proposal will ask for a robot to move the sample from the trolley system into a pig because the holder may be activated  as well as the sample.
 +
 +
A row of CVD detectors will be used to scan the photon field at low electron currents which will reduce the maximum photon flux to 10^9.
 +
 +
An array of CVD detector will be place downstream of the sample to monitor the flux as the electron current is increased to maximize the photon flux on the target.  The position of the target can also be monitored with respect to the photon flux field as the field decreases to to the target absorbing photons.
 +
  
 
==Purpose==
 
==Purpose==
  
−
In June of 2012, the Idaho Accelerator Center received a grant from the state of Idaho as part of the Idaho Global Entrepreneurial Mission (IGEM) program.  One of the proposed objectives was to research the use of an electron accelerator to the produce Copper isotopes to be used in medical diagnostic procedures.  Preliminary results of the work sponsored by this research have indicated that the production of Copper isotopes strongly depends on the alignment of incident radiation to the sample.  While a sample size of 2 cm may produce the highest number of isotopes per volume, a missalignment of more than a centimeter may reduce the amount of isotopes produced by a factor of at least two.  A strong need now exists for a system to  monitor the spatial distribution of the photons used to irradiate the samples.  Based on these results, we propose the development of an irradiation instrument, that qualifies for the MRI category "Track 2", to be used for isotope production and PAA analysis.
+
In June of 2012, the Idaho Accelerator Center received a grant from the state of Idaho as part of the Idaho Global Entrepreneurial Mission (IGEM) program.  One of the proposed objectives was to research the use of an electron accelerator to produce Copper isotopes for medical diagnostic procedures.  Preliminary results of the work sponsored by this research have indicated that the production of Copper isotopes strongly depends on the alignment of the incident radiation to the sample.  While a two cm sample size may produce the highest number of isotopes per volume, a missalignment of more than a centimeter may reduce the amount of isotopes produced by a factor of at least two.  A strong need now exists for a system to  monitor the spatial distribution of the photons used to irradiate the samples.  Based on these results, we propose the development of an irradiation instrument, that qualifies for the MRI category "Track 2", to be used for isotope production and PAA analysis.
  
 
The proposed instrument will be composed of a photon beam monitoring system and a sample conveyor.  Support from this MRI will be used to construct the photon monitoring system.  Matching support from the IGEM project will be used for the sample conveyor system.  The conveyor, commonly referred to as a rabbit, will transport samples into the irradiation region and then to a shielded container (lead pig) after irradiation.  The transportation system is a necessity due to the high activity isotopes that may be produced.  When used as an instrument for PAA, the transportation system will eliminate the step of shutting the accelerator off in order to change to the control sample thereby risking  a change in the experimental conditions whose uniformity is essential for meaningful measurements.  Once calibrated, the photon monitoring system would allow users to irradiate sample with a known amount of radiation.
 
The proposed instrument will be composed of a photon beam monitoring system and a sample conveyor.  Support from this MRI will be used to construct the photon monitoring system.  Matching support from the IGEM project will be used for the sample conveyor system.  The conveyor, commonly referred to as a rabbit, will transport samples into the irradiation region and then to a shielded container (lead pig) after irradiation.  The transportation system is a necessity due to the high activity isotopes that may be produced.  When used as an instrument for PAA, the transportation system will eliminate the step of shutting the accelerator off in order to change to the control sample thereby risking  a change in the experimental conditions whose uniformity is essential for meaningful measurements.  Once calibrated, the photon monitoring system would allow users to irradiate sample with a known amount of radiation.
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==Minnesota Lunar Simulant==
 
==Minnesota Lunar Simulant==
  
−
PAA was used to determine the isotopes present in the Minnessota  Lunar Simulant 1 (MLS-1) material synthesized to approximate soil sample 10084 from the Apollo 11 mare material.  The PAA survey of this material was compared with Three moon dust simulant samples were irradiate for a PPA analysis and compared to a reference study.
+
PAA was used to determine the trace elements present in the Minnessota  Lunar Simulant 1 (MLS-1) material synthesized to approximate soil sample 10084 from the Apollo 11 mare material.  Synthesized materials, like MLS-1,  were produced to aide in the development of next generation lunar technologies for future lunar missions.  Workshops were held to identify and define lunar regolith simulant materials for this purpose.  Figure XXX quantifies PAA's ability to measure the trace elements of this material and contrasts those measurements with
 +
 
 +
In 2005, the Marshal Space Flight Center and the Johnson Space Center held a workshop to identify and define  lunar regolith simulant materials that would be needed for the development of next generation lunar technologies to support future missions.  This workshop was a follow up to a 1989 workshop that led to the development the lunar simulants MLS-1 and JSC-1.  The PAA survey of this material was compared with Three moon dust simulant samples were irradiate for a PPA analysis and compared to a reference study.
  
 
[\ref L. Sibille, "Lunar Regolith Simulant Materials, Recommendations for Standardization, Production, and Usage", NASA TP, 2005]
 
[\ref L. Sibille, "Lunar Regolith Simulant Materials, Recommendations for Standardization, Production, and Usage", NASA TP, 2005]
  
 +
http://isru.msfc.nasa.gov/lib/Documents/PDF%20Files/LRSM_docs/LRSM_Abstract_Book.pdf
 +
 +
Table 4.3B (pg 4-13) in the reference below has the trace element data for MLS-1 as attribute to Tucker and Setzer (1991)
 +
http://isru.msfc.nasa.gov/lib/Documents/PDF%20Files/Final_LSRM_Report_12-9-05.pdf
 +
 +
D. Tucker and A. Setzer, "Differential Thermal Analysis of Lunar Soil Simulant", NASA Technical Memorandum TM-103563, 1991
 +
 +
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920006733_1992006733.pdf
  
−
Element    PPA    NASA
 
  
−
Na    1.3 \pm  0.2      1.4 \pm 0.2
 
−
Mg    3.6 \pm  0.3    4.2 \pm 0.9
 
−
Ca    7.1 \pm 0.6      7.3 \pm 0.9
 
−
Ti    3.9 \pm 0.3      3.7 \pm 0.8
 
−
Cr    146 \pm 32    228 \pm 139
 
−
Mn    0.1 \pm 0.01  0.155 \pm 0.015
 
−
Fe
 
  
−
==Budget==
+
[[File:MLS-1_PAAresults.png | 200 px]]
 +
[[File:MLS-1_PAAresults.xmgrac.txt]]
 +
[[File:MLS-1_PAAresults_Land.png | 200 px]]
  
−
Equipment list
 
  
 +
==Evironmental Dust ==
  
−
two steps
+
Instrumental analytical methods are preferable in studying sub -milligram quantities of airborne particulates
 +
collected in dust filters. The multi-step analytical procedure used in treating samples through chemical separation can be
 +
quite complicated. Further, due to the minute masses of the airborne particulates collected on filters, such chemical
 +
treatment can easily lead to significant levels of contamination. Radio-analytical techniques, and in particular, activation
 +
analysis methods offer a far cleaner alternative. Activation methods require minimal sample preparation and provide
 +
sufficient sensitivity for detecting the vast majority of the elements throughout the periodic table. In this paper, we will
 +
give a general overview of the technique of photon activation analysis. We will show that by activating dust particles
 +
with 10- to 30-MeV bremsstrahlung photons, we can ascertain their elemental composition. The samples are embedded
 +
in dust-collection filters and are irradiated “as is” by these photons. The radioactivity of the photonuclear reaction
 +
products is measured with appropriate spectrometers and the respective analytes are quantified using multi -component
 +
calibration materials. We shall provide specific examples of identifying the elemental components of airborne dust
 +
particles and volcanic ash by making use of bremsstrah lung photons from an electron linear accelerator at the Idaho
 +
Accelerator Center in Pocatello, Idaho.
  
−
1.) purchase 16, single crystal detectors from http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/091104_nuc_galbiati.pdf.  These will serve as monitors distributed symmetrically around the beam line and used to steer the electron beam until equal photon rates are observed => centered photon beam.
 
  
−
2.) A wire tungsten wire coated with diamond will sweep through the photon beam in the location of the target to measure the photon flux.
+
[[File:PhilsCaariPaper_2013.pdf]]
  
 +
=Equipment=
  
−
get http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/091104_nuc_galbiati.pdf to build a pixelated 3 x 3 cm detector with .5 x .5 cm size pixels (36 pixels)
 
−
OR if the photon flux is too high construct a wire array.
 
  
 +
==WHite room pictures==
  
−
{| border="1"  |cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0
+
[[File:JackAccelPhoto_02072013.png | 200 px]]
−
|-
 
−
| Cost || Device || Purpose
 
−
|-
 
−
|  50,000 || BPMs || 4 electron beam position monitors
 
−
|-
 
−
| 20,000 ||16,  CVD Diamond detector || Off the shelf single crystal single pixel detector pg 49 in[ http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/091104_nuc_galbiati.pdf]
 
−
|-
 
−
| 10,000  || 20 , 5 x 5 mm^2 CVD films || films for pixel detector array or wire (tungsten coated with diamond) scanner
 
−
|-
 
−
| 10,000  || Circuitry || PCB board, connectors, and single crystal mounting by external vendor
 
−
|-
 
−
| 30,000  || beam time || 3 weeks of beam time to test device and measure performance
 
−
|-
 
−
|$28,000 ||DAQ || VME based DAQ system with EPICs monitoring, 32 channel ADC ($6k), ROC($3k), MiniCrate($4k), Server ($2k), Tigger supervisor ($3k), NIM Discriminator /Trigger/ECL output module ($10k)
 
−
|-
 
−
| $10k Cost Share || Beam Line components || Steering coils ($1k), power supplies ($4k), and Beam line components($5k) to install BPMs
 
−
|-
 
−
| $160k Cost Share || Rabbit || sample conveyor system from IGEM grant
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
−
;Proposed Budget:  $148k + $160k (Cost share) = $308k
 
  
−
=Equipment=
+
[[File:WhiteRoomEndStation_02072013.png | 200 px]]
  
 
==Detectors==
 
==Detectors==
  
−
Steve Watson
+
CVD diamond
−
http://www.e6.com/
 
−
Technologies
 
−
Element Six Ltd., Kings Ride Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 8BP, UK
 
−
 
 
−
Tel: +44 1344 638200,
 
−
fax: +44 1344 638236, email: technologies@e6.com
 
  
 +
Erich Griesmayer
  
 +
http://www.cividec.at
 +
http://www.cividec.at/#products.html
  
−
Diamond Detectors Ltd
+
Prof. Dr. Erich Griesmayer
−
16 Fleetsbridge Business Centre
+
CIVIDEC Instrumentation GmbH
−
Upton Road
+
Schottengasse 3A/1/41
−
Poole
+
A - 1010 Wien
−
Dorset
+
Mobile: +43 664 1066840
−
BH17 7AF
+
Fax: +43 1 9223619
−
United Kingdom
+
www.cividec.at
−
Tel: +441202 441031
 
−
Fax: +441202 441039
 
  
 
== BPMs==
 
== BPMs==
Line 143: Line 148:
  
 
[[File:Bergoz_BPM_PriceList_2012.pdf]]
 
[[File:Bergoz_BPM_PriceList_2012.pdf]]
 +
 +
==Permanent magnet==
 +
 +
=== Off the shelf===
 +
A M-25 5 kGauss permanent magnet with a footprint of 4" x 3" could be placed between the radiator and the isotope target on Jack.
 +
 +
http://www.mmr-tech.com/comp_electromagnets.php
 +
 +
The gap is 0.75" so it to would need to go in the vacuum.  We would need to determine how much the beam spot blows up after leaving the converter and how high the photon flux is in the sample region after the 3" distance is taken up by the magnet.
 +
 +
===Custom===
 +
 +
The vendor below has stated that they have the ability to design a permanent magnet to our specification.
 +
 +
http://www.duramag.com/request-a-quote.html
 +
 +
The above vendor needs a CAD drawing showing the dimensions of a magnet that would work for isotope production on Jack in order to provide a quote.
 +
 +
need large quantity orders, not interested now in one custom magnet.  Didn't think 1" face was possible.
 +
 +
jima@duramag.com
 +
 +
== Transport system samples==
 +
 +
http://www.intellitrak.com/Products.htm
 +
 +
http://www.intellitrak.com/Products-500.htm
 +
 +
 +
http://www.asi.com/auto-industrial/overhead-conveyors/monorail.php
 +
 +
 +
http://www.asi.com/bulk-material/
  
 
=References=
 
=References=
Line 218: Line 256:
 
http://www.shalegas.energy.gov/resources/111811_final_report.pdf
 
http://www.shalegas.energy.gov/resources/111811_final_report.pdf
  
−
==Isotope List==
 
  
 +
Earth Justice
 +
 +
http://earthjustice.org/features/campaigns/fracking-across-the-united-states
 +
 +
http://www.drillingmaps.com/fracking.html#.UQq-QKUlZ6I
 +
 +
 +
Injection of a wide range of radioactive tracers in solid, liquid or gaseous forms,<ref name="NRC"/> is often used to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing.<ref name="Reis iodine" /> The radiotracer is chosen to have readily detectable radiation, appropriate chemical properties, and a half life and toxicity level that will minimize initial and residual contamination.<ref name="IAEA 2003" /> 
 +
 +
The isotopes, [[Manganese-56]], [[Sodium-24]], [[Technetium-99m]], [[Isotopes of silver|Silver-110m]], [[Argon-41]], and [[Xenon-133]] are used extensively in the oil industry because they are easily identified and measured.<ref name="IAEA 2003" />  Also [[Antimony-124]], [[Bromine-82]], [[Iodine-125]], [[Iodine-131]], [[Iridium-192]], and [[Scandium-46]] are used.<ref name="NRC"/> 
 +
 +
In the United States radionuclides maximum amounts per injection are controlled by the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)]].<ref name="NRC"/>  For example, Iodine-131, gas form, 100 millicuries total, not to exceed 20 millicuries per injection; Iodine-131, liquid form, 50 millicuries total, not to exceed 10 millicuries per injection; Iridium-192, "Labeled" frac sand, 200 millicuries total, not to exceed 15 millicuries per injection; Silver-110m, liquid form, 200 millicuries total, not to exceed 20 millicuries per injection.<ref name="NRC"/>
 +
 +
 +
Na-24 is used for fracking as well... They are making it on site by (n,gamma) on Na-23, using neutron generators. Initial concentration of Na-24 is 0,24 mCi, volume of the solution is 2-3 m3; activity per volume is 0.08-0.12 mCi/m3.
 +
 +
===Geology===
  
 +
2011 paper on PAA for environmental analysis
 +
 +
http://www.rrp.infim.ro/2011_63_2/art03Oprea.pdf
 +
 +
A 1988 paper measuring Flourine using PAA
 +
 +
 +
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10256018808624007#preview
 +
 +
2007 paper studies PAA,NAA,PGA techniques for measuring Halogen in Geological samples
 +
 +
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878588
 +
 +
2007 comparison of PAA and NAA in geology
 +
 +
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/jrnc/2007/00000271/00000003/00000311?crawler=true
 +
 +
 +
1994 segebade article on optimizing PAA for environmental analysis
 +
 +
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7710821
 +
 +
 +
2009 measuring Sr/Ca in teeth can be useful for biology and archaeology
 +
 +
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/24241220_Using_medical_accelerators_and_photon_activation_to_determine_SrCa_concentration_ratios_in_teeth
 +
 +
 +
====Potential collaborators====
 +
 +
Alberto E. Patiño Douce
 +
 +
http://www.gly.uga.edu/patinoA/
 +
 +
Sune Nielsen
 +
 +
http://www.whoi.edu/profile.do?id=snielsen ( http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1119373)
 +
 +
==Artificially-produced Isotope List==
 +
 +
Jeff H. Shelton
 +
Isotope Business Office (IBO)
 +
National Isotope Development Center (NIDC)
 +
Telephone: (865) 576-6401
 +
E-mail: EF6 or sheltonjh@ornl.gov
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
Cobalt-60, Lanthanum-140, Scandium-46, Silver-110m, Gold-198:
 +
Used together in blast furnaces to determine resident times and to quantify yields to measure the furnace performance.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
cross section data base
 +
 +
http://cdfe.sinp.msu.ru/services/
 +
 +
http://www.jcprg.org/exfor/
 +
 +
 +
http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/
 +
 +
http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/app-b2.pdf
 +
 +
===Industrial===
 +
 +
;Using targets with natural isotope abundance larger than 20 %
 +
 +
{| border="1"  |cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0
 +
|-
 +
| Isotope || Production Reaction|| Target nat. Abund || X sect || Use
 +
|-
 +
|Cesium-137||<math>{138 \atop\; }Ba (\gamma,p){137 \atop \; }Cs</math> || 72%  ||Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition, in density and fill height level switches.
 +
|-
 +
|Cobalt-60 || <math>{61\atop\; }Ni (\gamma,p){60 \atop \; }Co</math>|| 1 % ||Used for gamma sterilisation, industrial radiography, density and fill height switches.
 +
|-
 +
|  Gold-198 || <math>{199 \atop\; }Hg (\gamma,p){198 \atop \; }Au</math> || 16.9% || Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floors.
 +
|-
 +
|Iodine-131 ||<math>{132 \atop\; }Ze (\gamma,p){131 \atop \; }I</math>|| 27%  ||adioactive tracer isotopes are injected with hydraulic fracturing fluid to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing
 +
|-
 +
| Iridium-192 ||<math>{193 \atop\; }Ir (\gamma,n){192 \atop \; }Ir</math>||  63% ||  Fracking ,Used in gamma radiography to locate flaws in metal components.
 +
|-
 +
|Zinc-65|| <math>{66 \atop\; }Zn (\gamma,n){65 \atop \; }Zn</math> || 28% ||  [http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/app-b2.pdf pg 56] || Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from mining waste water.
 +
|-
 +
|Scandium-47|| <math>{48 \atop\; }Ti (\gamma,p){47 \atop \; }Sc</math> || 74% ||  [http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/app-b2.pdf pg 133]
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| Tl-201 || || Medical Thalilum is most common substitute for Tc
 +
|-
 +
| Cu-67  || <math>{68 \atop\; }Zn (\gamma,p){67 \atop \; }Cu</math> || 19% ||
 +
|-
 +
 +
Rh-99
 +
 +
Ti-44
 +
 +
Pd-100
 +
 +
Ag-111
 +
 +
Hf-181
 +
 +
Bi-204
 +
 +
 +
 +
Cs-131, Silver-110, Indium-111, Ga-67, Bromine-77, Fl-18, O-15, Al-26, N-13, Scandium-47, Ba-133
 +
 +
Tt-195 -> Ir-194
  
 
{| border="1"  |cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0  
 
{| border="1"  |cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Isotope || Use || Description
+
| Isotope || Production Reaction|| Use
 +
|-
 +
| Am-241 ||  || Used in backscatter gauges, smoke detectors, fill height detectors and in measuring ash content of coal.
 +
|-
 +
|Cesium-137||<math>{138 \atop\; }Ba (\gamma,p){137 \atop \; }Cs</math> (72%)  ||Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition, in density and fill height level switches.
 +
|-
 +
|Chromium 57|| ||Used to label sand to study coastal erosion.
 +
|-
 +
|Cobalt-60 || <math>{58 \atop\; }Ni (\gamma,p){192 \atop \; }Co</math>|| Used for gamma sterilisation, industrial radiography, density and fill height switches.
 +
|-
 +
| Gadolinium-148 ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
|  Gold-198 || <math>{199 \atop\; }Hg (\gamma,p){198 \atop \; }Au</math> (16.9%) || Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floors.
 +
|-
 +
|Iodine-131 ||<math>{132 \atop\; }Ze (\gamma,p){131 \atop \; }I</math> (27%)  ||adioactive tracer isotopes are injected with hydraulic fracturing fluid to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing
 +
|-
 +
| Iridium-192 ||<math>{193 \atop\; }Ir (\gamma,n){192 \atop \; }Ir</math> (63%) ||  Fracking ,Used in gamma radiography to locate flaws in metal components.
 +
|-
 +
|Krypton-85|| ||Used for industrial gauging.
 +
|-
 +
|Manganese-54 || ||Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from mining waste water.
 +
|-
 +
|Nickel-63|| || Used in light sensors in cameras and plasma display, also electronic discharge prevention and in electron capture detectors for thickness gauges.
 +
|-
 +
| Pm-147 ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
|Selenium-75 || ||Used in gamma radiography and non-destructive testing.
 +
|-
 +
| Strontium-90 ||  ||Used for industrial gauging
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Mo-99 || Medical ||  
+
| Technetium-99m|| ||Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floors.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Tc-99m ||Medical ||  
+
|Thallium-204|| ||Used for industrial gauging.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Tl-201 || Medical || Thalilum is most common substitute for Tc
+
|Ytterbium-169 || || Used in gamma radiography and non-destructive testing.
 +
|-
 +
|Zinc-65|| <math>{66 \atop\; }Zn (\gamma,n){65 \atop \; }Zn</math> (28%) ||Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from mining waste water.
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Medical ===
 +
 
 +
{| border="1"  |cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0
 +
|-
 +
| Isotope || Production Reaction|| Use
 +
|-
 +
|  Mo-99 ||  || Medical
 +
|-
 +
| Tc-99m || || Medical
 +
|-
 +
| Tl-201 || || Medical Thalilum is most common substitute for Tc  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| I-131  ||  ||  
 
| I-131  ||  ||  
Line 236: Line 448:
 
|I-125  || ||  
 
|I-125  || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Cu-67  || ||  
+
| Cu-67  || <math>{68 \atop\; }Zn (\gamma,p){67 \atop \; }Cu</math> || 19% ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Ac-225 || ||  
 
|Ac-225 || ||  
Line 242: Line 454:
 
|Bi-213 ||  ||  
 
|Bi-213 ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Am-241 ||  ||  
+
| Am-241 ||  || Used in backscatter gauges, smoke detectors, fill height detectors and in measuring ash content of coal.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Gd-148 ||  ||  
 
| Gd-148 ||  ||  
Line 250: Line 462:
 
| Pm-147 ||  ||  
 
| Pm-147 ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| F-18 ||Medical || a.k.a. FDG flourodeoxyglucose used in 90% of PET imaging
+
| F-18 ||  <math>{19 \atop\; }F (\gamma,n){18 \atop \; }F</math>|| Medical, aka FDG flourodeoxyglucose used in 90% of PET imaging, proton accelerator does <math>{18 \atop\; }O (p,n){18 \atop \; }F</math>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Ga-67 || Medical ||  
+
| Ga-67 ||  || Medical
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Re -186 ||Medical  ||  
+
| Re -186 || || Medical
 
|-
 
|-
−
| I-123 ||Medical ||  
+
| I-123 ||  || Medical
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  Sm -153 ||Medical ||  
+
|  Sm -153 || || Medical
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Y-90 ||Medical ||  
+
|Y-90 ||  || Medical
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Er-169 || Medical ||  
+
| Er-169 |||| Medical
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  Y-88||  ||  
 
|  Y-88||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Sc-44 ||  ||  
 
| Sc-44 ||  ||  
 +
|-
 +
| Ir-192 ||<math>{193 \atop\; }Ir (\gamma,n){192 \atop \; }Ir</math> || implanted to irradiate tumors
 +
|-
 +
Cesium-137 || ||
 +
Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition, in density and fill height level switches.
 +
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
 
+
=Vendors=
−
Vendors
 
  
 
Perkinelmer
 
Perkinelmer
  
 
http://www.perkinelmer.com/Catalog/Category/ID/Radionuclides
 
http://www.perkinelmer.com/Catalog/Category/ID/Radionuclides
 +
 +
Isoflex
 +
 +
http://www.isoflex.com/isotopes/ir192.html
 +
 +
ZeroWash Tracers
 +
 +
http://www.corelab.com/pe/protechnics/Tracers/ZeroWash.aspx
  
 
=Simulation Results=
 
=Simulation Results=
 +
 +
==Tracers for Cracks==
 +
 +
[[TF_IsotopeTracers4Cracks]]
  
 
==Photon flux (assuming 40 MeV electrons hitting 4 mm thick W converter and then Zn target==
 
==Photon flux (assuming 40 MeV electrons hitting 4 mm thick W converter and then Zn target==
Line 286: Line 515:
 
[[File:tablev1.png]]
 
[[File:tablev1.png]]
 
[[File:tablev2.png]]
 
[[File:tablev2.png]]
 +
 +
=Old MRI=
 +
 +
[[File:MRI_PAA_NAA2012.pdf]]
 +
 +
=Simulation=
 +
 +
[[IsotopeProdSimulationG4]]

Latest revision as of 21:42, 19 April 2013

MRI RFP

http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=6186

"2) Development of New Instrumentation, Analytical Techniques or Software that will extend current research and research training capabilities in the Earth sciences. The maximum request is $1,000,000;"


http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2013/nsf13517/nsf13517.htm


Highlights.

"MRI is not used to buy a suite of insturments to outfit research laboratories/facilities or be used to conduct independent research activities simultaneously".

"MRI is used for a single insturment or when combined serves as an integrated instrument."

The photon flux monitor when combined with the rabbit will be an instrument for both isotope production and PAA analysis research. The tool will have inter-disciplinary uses ranging from engineering to archeology.


Track1
Acquisition of a single instrument
Track2
development of a single instrument or for equipment that when combined serves as an integrated instrument.

We will be track 2. The combined equipment will be an integrated instrument for the production of Isotopes to be used in research and industry. The devise will also be an instrument for PAA analysis.

Proposal

NSF-MRI_2013


The proposal will ask for a robot to move the sample from the trolley system into a pig because the holder may be activated as well as the sample.

A row of CVD detectors will be used to scan the photon field at low electron currents which will reduce the maximum photon flux to 10^9.

An array of CVD detector will be place downstream of the sample to monitor the flux as the electron current is increased to maximize the photon flux on the target. The position of the target can also be monitored with respect to the photon flux field as the field decreases to to the target absorbing photons.


Purpose

In June of 2012, the Idaho Accelerator Center received a grant from the state of Idaho as part of the Idaho Global Entrepreneurial Mission (IGEM) program. One of the proposed objectives was to research the use of an electron accelerator to produce Copper isotopes for medical diagnostic procedures. Preliminary results of the work sponsored by this research have indicated that the production of Copper isotopes strongly depends on the alignment of the incident radiation to the sample. While a two cm sample size may produce the highest number of isotopes per volume, a missalignment of more than a centimeter may reduce the amount of isotopes produced by a factor of at least two. A strong need now exists for a system to monitor the spatial distribution of the photons used to irradiate the samples. Based on these results, we propose the development of an irradiation instrument, that qualifies for the MRI category "Track 2", to be used for isotope production and PAA analysis.

The proposed instrument will be composed of a photon beam monitoring system and a sample conveyor. Support from this MRI will be used to construct the photon monitoring system. Matching support from the IGEM project will be used for the sample conveyor system. The conveyor, commonly referred to as a rabbit, will transport samples into the irradiation region and then to a shielded container (lead pig) after irradiation. The transportation system is a necessity due to the high activity isotopes that may be produced. When used as an instrument for PAA, the transportation system will eliminate the step of shutting the accelerator off in order to change to the control sample thereby risking a change in the experimental conditions whose uniformity is essential for meaningful measurements. Once calibrated, the photon monitoring system would allow users to irradiate sample with a known amount of radiation.

The proposed instruments ability to enhance the production of copper isotopes for medical diagnostic tests is only one potential use. Isotope production in the US is a $$$ busines..


Paragraph of the instruments impact on the production of isotopes.

Using the instrument for PAA and the large potential user base.


The University of Missouri's Research Reactor is a current producer of medical isotopes with a total operating budget o

Talking points

1.) The accelerator "Jack" is an instrument for PAA and isotope production

2.) Isotope production impact on other areas of research (medical, fracking, underground pipelines, spikants for homeland security)

3.) Inter organizational use of PAA ( Geology, Archeology, certification for coffee origins....)

4.) Impact of Photon Flux monitoring for PAA analysis

5.) Device will train accelerator physicists, nuclear chemists, ...

What is the difference between time-like and spacelike Feynman diagram


Minnesota Lunar Simulant

PAA was used to determine the trace elements present in the Minnessota Lunar Simulant 1 (MLS-1) material synthesized to approximate soil sample 10084 from the Apollo 11 mare material. Synthesized materials, like MLS-1, were produced to aide in the development of next generation lunar technologies for future lunar missions. Workshops were held to identify and define lunar regolith simulant materials for this purpose. Figure XXX quantifies PAA's ability to measure the trace elements of this material and contrasts those measurements with

In 2005, the Marshal Space Flight Center and the Johnson Space Center held a workshop to identify and define lunar regolith simulant materials that would be needed for the development of next generation lunar technologies to support future missions. This workshop was a follow up to a 1989 workshop that led to the development the lunar simulants MLS-1 and JSC-1. The PAA survey of this material was compared with Three moon dust simulant samples were irradiate for a PPA analysis and compared to a reference study.

[\ref L. Sibille, "Lunar Regolith Simulant Materials, Recommendations for Standardization, Production, and Usage", NASA TP, 2005]

http://isru.msfc.nasa.gov/lib/Documents/PDF%20Files/LRSM_docs/LRSM_Abstract_Book.pdf

Table 4.3B (pg 4-13) in the reference below has the trace element data for MLS-1 as attribute to Tucker and Setzer (1991) http://isru.msfc.nasa.gov/lib/Documents/PDF%20Files/Final_LSRM_Report_12-9-05.pdf

D. Tucker and A. Setzer, "Differential Thermal Analysis of Lunar Soil Simulant", NASA Technical Memorandum TM-103563, 1991

http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920006733_1992006733.pdf


MLS-1 PAAresults.png File:MLS-1 PAAresults.xmgrac.txt MLS-1 PAAresults Land.png


Evironmental Dust

Instrumental analytical methods are preferable in studying sub -milligram quantities of airborne particulates collected in dust filters. The multi-step analytical procedure used in treating samples through chemical separation can be quite complicated. Further, due to the minute masses of the airborne particulates collected on filters, such chemical treatment can easily lead to significant levels of contamination. Radio-analytical techniques, and in particular, activation analysis methods offer a far cleaner alternative. Activation methods require minimal sample preparation and provide sufficient sensitivity for detecting the vast majority of the elements throughout the periodic table. In this paper, we will give a general overview of the technique of photon activation analysis. We will show that by activating dust particles with 10- to 30-MeV bremsstrahlung photons, we can ascertain their elemental composition. The samples are embedded in dust-collection filters and are irradiated “as is” by these photons. The radioactivity of the photonuclear reaction products is measured with appropriate spectrometers and the respective analytes are quantified using multi -component calibration materials. We shall provide specific examples of identifying the elemental components of airborne dust particles and volcanic ash by making use of bremsstrah lung photons from an electron linear accelerator at the Idaho Accelerator Center in Pocatello, Idaho.


File:PhilsCaariPaper 2013.pdf

Equipment

WHite room pictures

JackAccelPhoto 02072013.png

WhiteRoomEndStation 02072013.png

Detectors

CVD diamond

Erich Griesmayer

http://www.cividec.at http://www.cividec.at/#products.html

Prof. Dr. Erich Griesmayer CIVIDEC Instrumentation GmbH Schottengasse 3A/1/41 A - 1010 Wien Mobile: +43 664 1066840 Fax: +43 1 9223619 www.cividec.at

BPMs

Bergoz Instrumentation:

S-BPM = $4080 Euros S-BPM-FEFA = $1260 Euros

the other accessories are also desired

File:Bergoz BPM PriceList 2012.pdf

Permanent magnet

Off the shelf

A M-25 5 kGauss permanent magnet with a footprint of 4" x 3" could be placed between the radiator and the isotope target on Jack.

http://www.mmr-tech.com/comp_electromagnets.php

The gap is 0.75" so it to would need to go in the vacuum. We would need to determine how much the beam spot blows up after leaving the converter and how high the photon flux is in the sample region after the 3" distance is taken up by the magnet.

Custom

The vendor below has stated that they have the ability to design a permanent magnet to our specification.

http://www.duramag.com/request-a-quote.html

The above vendor needs a CAD drawing showing the dimensions of a magnet that would work for isotope production on Jack in order to provide a quote.

need large quantity orders, not interested now in one custom magnet. Didn't think 1" face was possible.

jima@duramag.com

Transport system samples

http://www.intellitrak.com/Products.htm

http://www.intellitrak.com/Products-500.htm


http://www.asi.com/auto-industrial/overhead-conveyors/monorail.php


http://www.asi.com/bulk-material/

References

Nitrogen tracers: N-15 is rare. If you dope nitrogen sources with it you can see where the leak into environment. This is a stable tracer so it would be able to monitor long time plume expansions.

Catchment hydrology

Review of Diamond detectors

http://www.ifh.de/~akg/phys/tapper.pdf

Simulations

http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=20658046

High Flux MeV photon profiler

http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p99/PAPERS/WEA90.PDF

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/5379507/5398121/05398374.pdf?tp=&arnumber=5398374&isnumber=5398121

CVD Diamond film

Film Vendor only

http://www.e6cvd.com/cvd/page.jsp?pageid=415

Alemeda Applied Sciences Corporation

http://www.aasc.net/drds http://www.aasc.net/media/DRD-AppNote.pdf

Diamond x-ray view screen http://www.diamond-materials.com/EN/products/cvd_for_xray/fluorescence_beam_monitors.htm

http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/091104_nuc_galbiati.pdf

NIM paper from 2002

http://144.206.159.178/ft/787/47160/14168748.pdf

Diamond Detectors LtD (Vendor for single crystal Chip on Board Package)

http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/091104_nuc_galbiati.pdf

Medical isotopes

Market report forcasting -> 2015

http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-nuclear-medicine-medical-isotopesradioisotopesradiopharmaceuticals-market-in-petspect-imaging--therapy---competitive-landscape-current-trends--forecasts-2010-2015-139005529.html

2013 DOE Medical Isotope program budget and info

http://science.energy.gov/~/media/budget/pdf/sc-budget-request-to-congress/fy-2013/Cong_Budget_2013_IsoptopeProductionandDistributionProgramFunding.pdf


2010 Talk on Future Isotope needs in medicine and industry

http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~mantica/radio-frib/runde-acsboston.pdf

Need Mo-99, Tc-99m, I-131, I-125, Cu-67, At-211, Ac-225, Bi-213, Am-241, Gd-148, Sr-90, Pm-147


A big isotope supplier is Eckert & Ziegler

http://www.ezag.com/fileadmin/ezag/user-uploads/pdf/analyses-englisch/concord_e_01.pdf

2009 Medical Isotope industry & trade study

http://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/ITS-1.pdf

Fracking

http://www.shalegas.energy.gov/resources/111811_final_report.pdf


Earth Justice

http://earthjustice.org/features/campaigns/fracking-across-the-united-states

http://www.drillingmaps.com/fracking.html#.UQq-QKUlZ6I


Injection of a wide range of radioactive tracers in solid, liquid or gaseous forms,<ref name="NRC"/> is often used to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing.<ref name="Reis iodine" /> The radiotracer is chosen to have readily detectable radiation, appropriate chemical properties, and a half life and toxicity level that will minimize initial and residual contamination.<ref name="IAEA 2003" />

The isotopes, Manganese-56, Sodium-24, Technetium-99m, Silver-110m, Argon-41, and Xenon-133 are used extensively in the oil industry because they are easily identified and measured.<ref name="IAEA 2003" /> Also Antimony-124, Bromine-82, Iodine-125, Iodine-131, Iridium-192, and Scandium-46 are used.<ref name="NRC"/>

In the United States radionuclides maximum amounts per injection are controlled by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).<ref name="NRC"/> For example, Iodine-131, gas form, 100 millicuries total, not to exceed 20 millicuries per injection; Iodine-131, liquid form, 50 millicuries total, not to exceed 10 millicuries per injection; Iridium-192, "Labeled" frac sand, 200 millicuries total, not to exceed 15 millicuries per injection; Silver-110m, liquid form, 200 millicuries total, not to exceed 20 millicuries per injection.<ref name="NRC"/>


Na-24 is used for fracking as well... They are making it on site by (n,gamma) on Na-23, using neutron generators. Initial concentration of Na-24 is 0,24 mCi, volume of the solution is 2-3 m3; activity per volume is 0.08-0.12 mCi/m3.

Geology

2011 paper on PAA for environmental analysis

http://www.rrp.infim.ro/2011_63_2/art03Oprea.pdf

A 1988 paper measuring Flourine using PAA


http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10256018808624007#preview

2007 paper studies PAA,NAA,PGA techniques for measuring Halogen in Geological samples

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878588

2007 comparison of PAA and NAA in geology

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/jrnc/2007/00000271/00000003/00000311?crawler=true


1994 segebade article on optimizing PAA for environmental analysis

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7710821


2009 measuring Sr/Ca in teeth can be useful for biology and archaeology

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/24241220_Using_medical_accelerators_and_photon_activation_to_determine_SrCa_concentration_ratios_in_teeth


Potential collaborators

Alberto E. Patiño Douce

http://www.gly.uga.edu/patinoA/

Sune Nielsen

http://www.whoi.edu/profile.do?id=snielsen ( http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1119373)

Artificially-produced Isotope List

Jeff H. Shelton Isotope Business Office (IBO) National Isotope Development Center (NIDC) Telephone: (865) 576-6401 E-mail: EF6 or sheltonjh@ornl.gov



Cobalt-60, Lanthanum-140, Scandium-46, Silver-110m, Gold-198: Used together in blast furnaces to determine resident times and to quantify yields to measure the furnace performance.



cross section data base

http://cdfe.sinp.msu.ru/services/

http://www.jcprg.org/exfor/


http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/

http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/app-b2.pdf

Industrial

Using targets with natural isotope abundance larger than 20 %
Isotope Production Reaction Target nat. Abund X sect Use
Cesium-137 [math]{138 \atop\; }Ba (\gamma,p){137 \atop \; }Cs[/math] 72% Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition, in density and fill height level switches.
Cobalt-60 [math]{61\atop\; }Ni (\gamma,p){60 \atop \; }Co[/math] 1 % Used for gamma sterilisation, industrial radiography, density and fill height switches.
Gold-198 [math]{199 \atop\; }Hg (\gamma,p){198 \atop \; }Au[/math] 16.9% Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floors.
Iodine-131 [math]{132 \atop\; }Ze (\gamma,p){131 \atop \; }I[/math] 27% adioactive tracer isotopes are injected with hydraulic fracturing fluid to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing
Iridium-192 [math]{193 \atop\; }Ir (\gamma,n){192 \atop \; }Ir[/math] 63% Fracking ,Used in gamma radiography to locate flaws in metal components.
Zinc-65 [math]{66 \atop\; }Zn (\gamma,n){65 \atop \; }Zn[/math] 28% pg 56 Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from mining waste water.
Scandium-47 [math]{48 \atop\; }Ti (\gamma,p){47 \atop \; }Sc[/math] 74% pg 133

|- | Tl-201 || || Medical Thalilum is most common substitute for Tc |- | Cu-67 || [math]{68 \atop\; }Zn (\gamma,p){67 \atop \; }Cu[/math] || 19% || |-

Rh-99

Ti-44

Pd-100

Ag-111

Hf-181

Bi-204


Cs-131, Silver-110, Indium-111, Ga-67, Bromine-77, Fl-18, O-15, Al-26, N-13, Scandium-47, Ba-133

Tt-195 -> Ir-194

Isotope Production Reaction Use
Am-241 Used in backscatter gauges, smoke detectors, fill height detectors and in measuring ash content of coal.
Cesium-137 [math]{138 \atop\; }Ba (\gamma,p){137 \atop \; }Cs[/math] (72%) Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition, in density and fill height level switches.
Chromium 57 Used to label sand to study coastal erosion.
Cobalt-60 [math]{58 \atop\; }Ni (\gamma,p){192 \atop \; }Co[/math] Used for gamma sterilisation, industrial radiography, density and fill height switches.
Gadolinium-148
Gold-198 [math]{199 \atop\; }Hg (\gamma,p){198 \atop \; }Au[/math] (16.9%) Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floors.
Iodine-131 [math]{132 \atop\; }Ze (\gamma,p){131 \atop \; }I[/math] (27%) adioactive tracer isotopes are injected with hydraulic fracturing fluid to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing
Iridium-192 [math]{193 \atop\; }Ir (\gamma,n){192 \atop \; }Ir[/math] (63%) Fracking ,Used in gamma radiography to locate flaws in metal components.
Krypton-85 Used for industrial gauging.
Manganese-54 Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from mining waste water.
Nickel-63 Used in light sensors in cameras and plasma display, also electronic discharge prevention and in electron capture detectors for thickness gauges.
Pm-147
Selenium-75 Used in gamma radiography and non-destructive testing.
Strontium-90 Used for industrial gauging
Technetium-99m Used to study sewage and liquid waste movements, as well as tracing factory waste causing ocean pollution, and to trace sand movement in river beds and ocean floors.
Thallium-204 Used for industrial gauging.
Ytterbium-169 Used in gamma radiography and non-destructive testing.
Zinc-65 [math]{66 \atop\; }Zn (\gamma,n){65 \atop \; }Zn[/math] (28%) Used to predict the behaviour of heavy metal components in effluents from mining waste water.

Medical

Cesium-137 || || Used for radiotracer technique for identification of sources of soil erosion and deposition, in density and fill height level switches.
Isotope Production Reaction Use
Mo-99 Medical
Tc-99m Medical
Tl-201 Medical Thalilum is most common substitute for Tc
I-131
I-125
Cu-67 [math]{68 \atop\; }Zn (\gamma,p){67 \atop \; }Cu[/math] 19%
Ac-225
Bi-213
Am-241 Used in backscatter gauges, smoke detectors, fill height detectors and in measuring ash content of coal.
Gd-148
Sr-90
Pm-147
F-18 [math]{19 \atop\; }F (\gamma,n){18 \atop \; }F[/math] Medical, aka FDG flourodeoxyglucose used in 90% of PET imaging, proton accelerator does [math]{18 \atop\; }O (p,n){18 \atop \; }F[/math]
Ga-67 Medical
Re -186 Medical
I-123 Medical
Sm -153 Medical
Y-90 Medical
Er-169 Medical
Y-88
Sc-44
Ir-192 [math]{193 \atop\; }Ir (\gamma,n){192 \atop \; }Ir[/math] implanted to irradiate tumors

Vendors

Perkinelmer

http://www.perkinelmer.com/Catalog/Category/ID/Radionuclides

Isoflex

http://www.isoflex.com/isotopes/ir192.html

ZeroWash Tracers

http://www.corelab.com/pe/protechnics/Tracers/ZeroWash.aspx

Simulation Results

Tracers for Cracks

TF_IsotopeTracers4Cracks

Photon flux (assuming 40 MeV electrons hitting 4 mm thick W converter and then Zn target

Flux.png

Effect of beam shift on Zn foils (experiment)

Foil.png

Effect of beam shift on Zn target (simulations)

Tablev1.png Tablev2.png

Old MRI

File:MRI PAA NAA2012.pdf

Simulation

IsotopeProdSimulationG4

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