Difference between revisions of "Differential Cross-Section"

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<center><math>\mathfrak{M}^2=e^4 \left ( \frac{(t^2+s^2)}{u^2}-\frac{2s^2}{tu}+\frac{(u^2+s^2)}{t^2}\right )</math></center>
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<center><math>\mathfrak{M}^2=e^4 \left ( \frac{(t^2+s^2)}{u^2}+\frac{2s^2}{tu}+2-\frac{2us}{t^2}-\frac{2s}{t}-\frac{2ts}{u^2}-\frac{2s}{u}+\frac{(u^2+s^2)}{t^2}\right )</math></center>
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{2s}\left ( \frac{(t^2+s^2)}{u^2}-\frac{2s^2}{tu}+\frac{(u^2+s^2)}{t^2}\right )</math></center>
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4s}\left ( \frac{(t^2+s^2)}{u^2}+\frac{2s^2}{tu}+2-\frac{2us}{t^2}-\frac{2s}{t}-\frac{2ts}{u^2}-\frac{2s}{u}+\frac{(u^2+s^2)}{t^2}\right )</math></center>
  
  
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<center><math>t \equiv -2p^{*2}(1-\cos{\theta})=-2p^{*2}\left (1-2\cos^2{\frac{\theta}{2}}+1 \right )=-4p^{*2} \left (1-2\cos^2{\frac{\theta}{2}} \right )=-4p^{*2}\sin^2{\frac{\theta}{2}}</math></center>
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<center><math>t \equiv -2p^{*2}(1-\cos{\theta})</math></center>
  
  
  
  
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<center><math>u \equiv -2p^{*2}(1+\cos{\theta})=-2p^{*2}\left (1+2\cos^2{\frac{\theta}{2}}-1 \right )=-4p^{*2}\cos^2{\frac{\theta}{2}}</math></center>
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<center><math>u \equiv -2p^{*2}(1+\cos{\theta})</math></center>
  
  
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Simplifying using the relationship
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Calculating the parts to have common denominators:
  
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<center><math>\cos{\theta}=-1+\cos{\frac{\theta}{2}}</math></center>
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<center><math>\left(1\right)\qquad \qquad 2=\frac{2p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{2p^{*4}\left(1-\cos^2{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{2p^{*4}\left(1-2\cos^2{\theta}+\cos^4{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
  
  
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<center><math>\left(2\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{2s^2}{tu}=\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{8E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\sin^2{\theta}}=\frac{8E^{*4}\sin^2{\theta}}{p^{*4}\sin^4}=\frac{8E^{*4}\left(1-\cos^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \frac{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+16E^{*4}}{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}-\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*2}\sin^2{\frac{\theta}{2}}4p^{*2}\cos^2{\frac{\theta}{2}}}+\frac{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+16E^{*4}}{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}\right )</math></center>
 
  
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<center><math>\left(3\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{t^2}{u^2}=\frac{4p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{4p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\tan^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}=\frac{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^4}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{p^{*4}\left(\cos^4{\theta}-4\cos^3{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}-4\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
  
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<center><math>\left(4\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{u^2}{t^2}=\frac{4p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{4p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\cot^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}=\frac{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^4}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{p^{*4}\left(\cos^4{\theta}+4\cos^3{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+4\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \frac{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+16E^{*4}}{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}-\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*2}\left(\sin^2{\frac{\theta}{2}}+\cos^2{\frac{\theta}{2}}\right)}+\frac{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+16E^{*4}}{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}\right )</math></center>
 
  
  
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<center><math>\left(5\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{s^2}{u^2}=\frac{16E^{*4}}{4p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{E^{*4}\sec^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*4}}=\frac{4E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-2\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \frac{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}+\frac{16E^{*4}}{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}-\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*2}}+\frac{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}+\frac{16E^{*4}}{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}\right )</math></center>
 
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \frac{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}+\frac{16E^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}-\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*2}}+\frac{16p^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}+\frac{16E^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{16p^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}\right )</math></center>
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<center><math>\left(6\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{s^2}{t^2}=\frac{16E^{*4}}{4p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{E^{*4}\csc^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*4}}=\frac{4E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}+2\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \tan^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+\frac{16E^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}-\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*2}}+\cot^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+\frac{16E^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}\right )</math></center>
 
  
  
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<center><math>\left(7\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{-2s}{t}=\frac{8E^{*2}}{2p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}}{p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*2}\sin^2{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}sin^2{\theta}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-cos^2{\theta}\right)\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}-\cos^2{\theta}-\cos^3{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \tan^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+\cot^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}-\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*2}}+\frac{16E^{*4}\cos^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{16E^{*4}\sin^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}\right )</math></center>
 
  
  
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<center><math>\left(8\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{-2s}{u}=\frac{8E^{*2}}{2p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}}{p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*2}sin^2{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}sin^2{\theta}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-cos^2{\theta}\right)\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}-\cos^2{\theta}+\cos^3{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \tan^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+\cot^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}-\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*2}}+\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos{2\theta}+3\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}\right )</math></center>
 
  
  
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<center><math>\left(9\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{-2ts}{u^2}=\frac{4p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)4E^{*2}}{4p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)\sec^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*2}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(-\cos^3{\theta}+3\cos^2{\theta}-3\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \tan^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+\cot^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}-\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*2}}+\frac{4E^{*4}\cos{2\theta}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{12E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}} \right)</math></center>
 
  
  
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<center><math>\left(10\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{-2us}{t^2}=\frac{4p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)4E^{*2}}{4p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)\csc^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*2}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(\cos^3{\theta}+3\cos^2{\theta}+3\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}</math></center>
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \tan^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}+\cot^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}-\frac{8E^{*4}}{p^{*2}}+\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{12E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}} \right)</math></center>
 
  
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Combing like terms further,
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \frac{\sin^4{\theta}}{\left(\cos{\theta}+1\right)^4}+\frac{\sin^4{\theta}}{\left(\cos{\theta}-1\right)^4}-\frac{8E^{*4}}{p^{*2}}+\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{12E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}} \right)</math></center>
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<center><math>\left(1,3/4\right)\rightarrow \qquad \qquad 4p^{*4}\cos^4{\theta}+8p^{*4}\cos^2{\theta}+4p^{*4}</math></center>
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \frac{\sin^4{\theta}\left(\cos{\theta}-1\right)^4}{\left(\cos{\theta}+1\right)^4\left(\cos{\theta}-1\right)^4}+\frac{\sin^4{\theta}\left(\cos{\theta}+1\right)^4}{\left(\cos{\theta}-1\right)^4\left(\cos{\theta}+1\right)^4}-\frac{8E^{*4}}{p^{*2}}+\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{12E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}} \right)</math></center>
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<center><math>\left(2,6/5\right) \rightarrow \qquad \qquad 16E^{*4}</math></center>
  
  
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<center><math>\left(8/7,10/9\right) \rightarrow \qquad \qquad 16E^{*2}p^{*2}+16E^{*2}p^{*2}\cos^2{\theta}</math></center>
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \frac{\sin^4{\theta}\left(\cos{\theta}-1\right)^4}{\sin^8{\theta}}+\frac{\sin^4{\theta}\left(\cos{\theta}+1\right)^4}{\sin^8{\theta}}-\frac{8E^{*4}}{p^{*2}}+\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{12E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}} \right)</math></center>
 
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \frac{\left(\cos{\theta}-1\right)^4}{\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{\left(\cos{\theta}+1\right)^4}{\sin^4{\theta}}-\frac{8E^{*4}}{p^{*2}}+\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{12E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}} \right)</math></center>
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Expressing this as the differential cross-section
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4sp^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( 4p^{*4}\cos^4{\theta}+8p^{*4}\cos^2{\theta}+4p^{*4}+16E^{*2}p^{*2}+16E^{*2}p^{*2}\cos^2{\theta}+16E^{*4}\right) </math></center>
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{8E^{*2}}\left( \frac{\left(2\cos^4{\theta}+12\cos^2{\theta}+2 \right)}{\sin^4{\theta}}-\frac{8E^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}{p^{*2}\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}+\frac{12E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}} \right)</math></center>
 
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^{*4}\cos^4{\theta}+2p^{*4}\cos^2{\theta}+p^{*4}+4E^{*2}p^{*2}+4E^{*2}p^{*2}\cos^2{\theta}+4E^{*4}\right) </math></center>
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( \frac{\left(\cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+1 \right)}{1}-\frac{4E^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}{p^{*2}}+\frac{2E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}}+\frac{6E^{*4}}{p^{*4}} \right)</math></center>
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In the Ultra-relativistic limit as <math> E \approx p</math>
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( \frac{p^4\left(\cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+1 \right)}{p^4}-\frac{4E^{*4}p^2\sin^4{\theta}}{p^{*4}}+\frac{2E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}}+\frac{6E^{*4}}{p^{*4}} \right)</math></center>
 
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}p^4\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^4\left(\cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+1 \right)-4E^{*4}p^2\sin^4{\theta}+2E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}\right)+6E^{*4} \right)</math></center>
 
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}p^4\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^4\left(\cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+1 \right)-4E^{*4}p^2\sin^4{\theta}+2E^{*4}\left(1-2\sin^2{\theta}\right)+6E^{*4} \right)</math></center>
 
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}p^4\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^4\left(\cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+1 \right)-4E^{*4}\left(p^2\sin^4{\theta}-\sin^2{\theta}+2\right) \right)</math></center>
 
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}p^4\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^4\left(\cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+1 \right)-4E^{*4}\left(p^2\sin^4{\theta}-1+\cos^2{\theta}+2\right) \right)</math></center>
 
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}p^4\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^4\left(\cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+1 \right)-4E^{*4}\left(p^2\sin^4{\theta}+\cos^2{\theta}+1\right) \right)</math></center>
 
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}p^4\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^4\left(\cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+1 \right)-4E^{*4}\left(p^2\left(1-2\cos^2{\theta}+\cos^4{\theta}\right)+\cos^2{\theta}+1\right) \right)</math></center>
 
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<center><math>\therefore E^2\equiv m^2+p^2 </math></center>
 
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( \cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+9\right)=\frac{\alpha ^2\left(3+\cos^2{\theta}\right)^2}{4E^{*2}\sin^4{\theta}} </math></center>
  
  
  
  
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In the non-relativistic limit as <math> E \approx m</math>
  
  
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<center><math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4m^{*2}p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^{*4}\cos^4{\theta}+2p^{*4}\cos^2{\theta}+p^{*4}+4m^{*2}p^{*2}+4m^{*2}p^{*2}\cos^2{\theta}+4m^{*4}\right) </math></center>
 
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Latest revision as of 18:36, 1 January 2019

[math]\underline{\textbf{Navigation}}[/math]

[math]\vartriangleleft [/math] [math]\triangle [/math] [math]\vartriangleright [/math]

Differential Cross-Section

[math]\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{1}{64\pi ^2 s}\frac{\mathbf p_{final}}{\mathbf p_{initial}} |\mathfrak{M} |^2[/math]


Working in the center of mass frame

[math]\mathbf p_{final}=\mathbf p_{initial}[/math]


Determining the scattering amplitude in the center of mass frame


[math]\mathfrak{M}=e^2 \left ( \frac{u-s}{t}+\frac{t-s}{u} \right )[/math]


[math]\mathfrak{M}^2=e^4 \left ( \frac{u-s}{t}+\frac{t-s}{u} \right )\left ( \frac{u-s}{t}+\frac{t-s}{u} \right )[/math]


[math]\mathfrak{M}^2=e^4 \left ( \frac{(u-s)^2}{t^2}+\frac{(t-s)^2}{u^2} +2\frac{(u-s)}{t}\frac{(t-s)}{u}\right )[/math]


[math]\mathfrak{M}^2=e^4 \left ( \frac{(u^2-2us+s^2)}{t^2}+\frac{(t^2-2ts+s^2)}{u^2} +2\frac{(ut-st+s^2-us)}{tu}\right )[/math]


[math]\mathfrak{M}^2=e^4 \left ( \frac{(t^2+s^2)}{u^2}+\frac{2s^2}{tu}+2-\frac{2us}{t^2}-\frac{2s}{t}-\frac{2ts}{u^2}-\frac{2s}{u}+\frac{(u^2+s^2)}{t^2}\right )[/math]


Using the fine structure constant ([math]with\ c=\hbar=\epsilon_0=1[/math])

[math]\alpha \equiv \frac{e^2}{4\pi}[/math]


[math]\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4s}\left ( \frac{(t^2+s^2)}{u^2}+\frac{2s^2}{tu}+2-\frac{2us}{t^2}-\frac{2s}{t}-\frac{2ts}{u^2}-\frac{2s}{u}+\frac{(u^2+s^2)}{t^2}\right )[/math]


In the center of mass frame the Mandelstam variables are given by:

[math]s \equiv 4E^{*2}[/math]


[math]t \equiv -2p^{*2}(1-\cos{\theta})[/math]



[math]u \equiv -2p^{*2}(1+\cos{\theta})[/math]


Calculating the parts to have common denominators:

[math]\left(1\right)\qquad \qquad 2=\frac{2p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{2p^{*4}\left(1-\cos^2{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{2p^{*4}\left(1-2\cos^2{\theta}+\cos^4{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}[/math]


[math]\left(2\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{2s^2}{tu}=\frac{32E^{*4}}{4p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{8E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\sin^2{\theta}}=\frac{8E^{*4}\sin^2{\theta}}{p^{*4}\sin^4}=\frac{8E^{*4}\left(1-\cos^2{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}[/math]


[math]\left(3\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{t^2}{u^2}=\frac{4p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{4p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\tan^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}=\frac{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^4}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{p^{*4}\left(\cos^4{\theta}-4\cos^3{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}-4\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}[/math]


[math]\left(4\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{u^2}{t^2}=\frac{4p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{4p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\cot^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}=\frac{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^4}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{p^{*4}\left(\cos^4{\theta}+4\cos^3{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+4\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}[/math]


[math]\left(5\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{s^2}{u^2}=\frac{16E^{*4}}{4p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{E^{*4}\sec^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*4}}=\frac{4E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}-2\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}[/math]


[math]\left(6\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{s^2}{t^2}=\frac{16E^{*4}}{4p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{E^{*4}\csc^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*4}}=\frac{4E^{*4}}{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*4}\left(\cos^2{\theta}+2\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}[/math]



[math]\left(7\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{-2s}{t}=\frac{8E^{*2}}{2p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}}{p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*2}\sin^2{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}sin^2{\theta}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-cos^2{\theta}\right)\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}-\cos^2{\theta}-\cos^3{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}[/math]


[math]\left(8\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{-2s}{u}=\frac{8E^{*2}}{2p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}}{p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*2}sin^2{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}sin^2{\theta}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-cos^2{\theta}\right)\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}-\cos^2{\theta}+\cos^3{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}sin^4{\theta}}[/math]


[math]\left(9\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{-2ts}{u^2}=\frac{4p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)4E^{*2}}{4p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)\sec^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*2}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(-\cos^3{\theta}+3\cos^2{\theta}-3\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}[/math]


[math]\left(10\right)\qquad \qquad \frac{-2us}{t^2}=\frac{4p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)4E^{*2}}{4p^{*2}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)\csc^4{\frac{\theta}{2}}}{p^{*2}}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)}{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}{p^{*4}\left(1-\cos{\theta}\right)^2\left(1+\cos{\theta}\right)^2}=\frac{4E^{*2}p^{*2}\left(\cos^3{\theta}+3\cos^2{\theta}+3\cos{\theta}+1\right)}{p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}[/math]


Combing like terms further,


[math]\left(1,3/4\right)\rightarrow \qquad \qquad 4p^{*4}\cos^4{\theta}+8p^{*4}\cos^2{\theta}+4p^{*4}[/math]


[math]\left(2,6/5\right) \rightarrow \qquad \qquad 16E^{*4}[/math]


[math]\left(8/7,10/9\right) \rightarrow \qquad \qquad 16E^{*2}p^{*2}+16E^{*2}p^{*2}\cos^2{\theta}[/math]


Expressing this as the differential cross-section

[math]\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4sp^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( 4p^{*4}\cos^4{\theta}+8p^{*4}\cos^2{\theta}+4p^{*4}+16E^{*2}p^{*2}+16E^{*2}p^{*2}\cos^2{\theta}+16E^{*4}\right) [/math]


[math]\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^{*4}\cos^4{\theta}+2p^{*4}\cos^2{\theta}+p^{*4}+4E^{*2}p^{*2}+4E^{*2}p^{*2}\cos^2{\theta}+4E^{*4}\right) [/math]


In the Ultra-relativistic limit as [math] E \approx p[/math]


[math]\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4E^{*2}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( \cos^4{\theta}+6\cos^2{\theta}+9\right)=\frac{\alpha ^2\left(3+\cos^2{\theta}\right)^2}{4E^{*2}\sin^4{\theta}} [/math]



In the non-relativistic limit as [math] E \approx m[/math]


[math]\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}=\frac{\alpha ^2}{4m^{*2}p^{*4}\sin^4{\theta}}\left( p^{*4}\cos^4{\theta}+2p^{*4}\cos^2{\theta}+p^{*4}+4m^{*2}p^{*2}+4m^{*2}p^{*2}\cos^2{\theta}+4m^{*4}\right) [/math]
[math]\underline{\textbf{Navigation}}[/math]

[math]\vartriangleleft [/math] [math]\triangle [/math] [math]\vartriangleright [/math]

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