Difference between revisions of "Lab 8 RS"

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About my power calculation see my table below. <math>\pm</math>
+
About my power calculation see my table below.
  
  
 
4.) Measure the diode reverse current <math>1 \mu A <  I_r < 40 mA</math> as a function of the DC supply voltage.
 
4.) Measure the diode reverse current <math>1 \mu A <  I_r < 40 mA</math> as a function of the DC supply voltage.
  
{| border="1" cellspacing="0"  cellpadding="20" style="text-align: center; width: 1000px;"
+
 
 +
{| border="1" cellspacing="0"  cellpadding="20" style="text-align: center; width: 1100px;"
 
|+ '''The diode reverse current as a function of the DC supply voltage'''
 
|+ '''The diode reverse current as a function of the DC supply voltage'''
 
|-
 
|-
Line 38: Line 39:
 
! scope="col" width="150" |  Scope Voltage, <math>V_{scope},\ [V]</math>
 
! scope="col" width="150" |  Scope Voltage, <math>V_{scope},\ [V]</math>
 
! scope="col" width="120" |  Current, <math>I=\frac{V_{scope}}{R},\ [mA]</math>
 
! scope="col" width="120" |  Current, <math>I=\frac{V_{scope}}{R},\ [mA]</math>
! scope="col" width="100" |  Diode power, <math>P=V_{diode}\cdot I</math>
+
! scope="col" width="90" |  Diode power, <math>P=V_{diode}\cdot I</math>
! scope="col" width="100" |  R power, <math>P=V_{scope}\cdot I</math>
+
! scope="col" width="90" |  R power, <math>P=V_{scope}\cdot I</math>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|988.0<math>\pm</math>0.5|| -0.04130<math>\pm</math>0.00005||-0.0001<math>\pm</math>0.0002||-0.0001<math>\pm</math> -0.0002||0.000|| 0.000
 
|988.0<math>\pm</math>0.5|| -0.04130<math>\pm</math>0.00005||-0.0001<math>\pm</math>0.0002||-0.0001<math>\pm</math> -0.0002||0.000|| 0.000
Line 76: Line 77:
  
  
5.) Fill in the blank.  The reverse biased diode act as a constant '''current''' source. As we can see from plot below it's keep the constant current before the turn on voltage point.(5 pnts)
+
 
 +
 
 +
5.) Fill in the blank.  The reverse biased diode acts as a constant '''current''' source before the turn on voltage. As we can see from the plot below it keeps the constant current before the turn on voltage point. And it acts as a constant '''voltage''' source beyond the turn on voltage. As we can see from the plot below it keeps the constant voltage beyond the turn on voltage point(5 pnts)
  
 
=Forward Current=
 
=Forward Current=
 
1.) now swap the diode direction and repeat the measurement in the previous section.
 
1.) now swap the diode direction and repeat the measurement in the previous section.
  
[[File:Lab8_ForwardCurrentDiode.png|200 px]]
+
[[File:Lab8_ForwardCurrentDiode.png|400 px]]
  
 
2.) Attach an Oscilloscope with internal resistance <math> R_{scope}= 1M\Omega</math>.  The scope will measure the voltage drop across R and thus the current will be given by this voltage difference divided by R.
 
2.) Attach an Oscilloscope with internal resistance <math> R_{scope}= 1M\Omega</math>.  The scope will measure the voltage drop across R and thus the current will be given by this voltage difference divided by R.
  
3.) Determine a value for R which will allow you to measure a current of at least 10 mA  (prefeferably 50 mA) at the diodes reverse bias cut off voltage.
+
3.) Determine a value for R which will allow you to measure a current of at least 10 mA  (preferably 50 mA) at the diodes forward bias cut off voltage.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
All my R calculation is the same as for reverse current case above.  I am going to cover during my measurements the range from <math>I=1\ uA</math> to <math>I=20\ mA</math> using resistor of <math>R=988\ \Omega</math>. And the range from <math>I=20\ mA</math> to <math>I=40\ mA</math> using resistor of <math>R=98.4\ \Omega</math>.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
About my power calculation see my table below. <math>\pm</math>
 +
 +
 
  
 +
4.)Measure the diode reverse current <math>1 \mu A <  I_r < 40 mA</math> as a function of the DC supply voltage.
  
4.) Measure the diode forward current <math>I_r < 1 \mu A</math> as a function of the DC supply voltage.
 
  
{| border="3"  cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0"
+
{| border="1" cellspacing="0"  cellpadding="20" style="text-align: center; width: 1100px;"
| Bias Voltage || V_{scope} || Current (V/R) || Diode power || R power
+
|+ '''The diode forward current as a function of the DC supply voltage'''
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col" width="110" |  Resistor, <math>R,\ [\Omega]</math>
 +
! scope="col" width="160" | Bias Voltage, <math>V_{diode},\ [V]</math>
 +
! scope="col" width="150" | Scope Voltage, <math>V_{scope},\ [V]</math>
 +
! scope="col" width="120" | Current, <math>I=\frac{V_{scope}}{R},\ [mA]</math>
 +
! scope="col" width="90" | Diode power, <math>P=V_{diode}\cdot I</math>
 +
! scope="col" width="90" | R power, <math>P=V_{scope}\cdot I</math>
 +
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.04120± 0.00005||0.0001± 0.0002||0.0001± 0.0002||0.000|| 0.000
 +
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.5530± 0.0005||0.0001± 0.0002||0.0001± 0.0002||0.000|| 0.000
 +
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.6340± 0.0005||0.010± 0.002||0.010± 0.002|| 0.000|| 0.000
 +
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.6760± 0.0005||0.090± 0.005||0.09± 0.01|| 0.000|| 0.000
 +
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.6990± 0.0005||0.200± 0.005||0.20± 0.01|| 0.000|| 0.000
 +
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.7290± 0.0005||0.50± 0.01||0.51± 0.01|| 0.000|| 0.000
 +
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.7520± 0.0005||1.20± 0.05||1.21± 0.05|| 0.001|| 0.001
 +
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.7900± 0.0005||4.0± 0.1||4.05± 0.10|| 0.003|| 0.016
 +
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.8090± 0.0005||8.0± 0.2||8.10± 0.20|| 0.007|| 0.065
 
|-
 
|-
| ||  ||  || ||
+
|988.0± 0.5||  0.8150± 0.0005||10.0± 0.5||10.12± 0.51|| 0.008|| 0.101
 
|-
 
|-
| ||  ||  || ||
+
|988.0± 0.5||  0.8270± 0.0005||15.0± 0.5||15.18± 0.51|| 0.013|| 0.228
 
|-
 
|-
| ||  ||  || ||
+
|988.0± 0.5||  0.8370± 0.0005||20.0± 0.5||20.24± 0.51|| 0.017|| 0.405
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|988.0± 0.5||  0.8410± 0.0005||23.0± 0.5||23.28± 0.51|| 0.020|| 0.535
 +
|-
 +
|98.40± 0.05||  0.8510± 0.0005||3.0± 0.1||30.49± 1.02|| 0.026|| 0.091
 +
|-
 +
|98.40± 0.05||  0.8610± 0.0005||4.0± 0.1||40.65± 1.02|| 0.035|| 0.163
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
  
5.) Fill in the blank.  The forward biased diode act as a constant _______________ source. (5 pnts)
+
5.) Fill in the blank.  The forward biased diode act as a constant '''voltage''' source. As we can see from the plot below it keeps the constant voltage beyond the turn on voltage point. (5 pnts)
  
 
=Graph=
 
=Graph=
 
#Plot the diode current (on the ordinate) versus the diode voltage (on the abscissa)for the forward and reverse biased diode on the same graph. (35 pnts)
 
#Plot the diode current (on the ordinate) versus the diode voltage (on the abscissa)for the forward and reverse biased diode on the same graph. (35 pnts)
 +
 +
[[File:L8 diod current m1.png | 1000 px]]
  
 
=Questions=
 
=Questions=
Line 112: Line 155:
 
1.) Plot the reverse biased diode for voltages beyond the turn on voltage and measure the effective impedance of the diode using a linear fit. (20 pnts)
 
1.) Plot the reverse biased diode for voltages beyond the turn on voltage and measure the effective impedance of the diode using a linear fit. (20 pnts)
  
2.)The measured reverse biased turn on voltage is _________ Volts for silicon diode type # IN_____________.  The % difference between the measured turn on voltage and the one given in the specification is __________%.  Circle the correct answer in the parentheses.  This % difference (is / is not) within the measurement uncertainty. ( 10 pnts)
+
[[File:L8 diod reverse.png | 1000 px ]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
From the plot above the fitting line beyond the turn on reverse voltage is given by
 +
 
 +
<math>I[mA]=p_0+p_1\times V[Volts]</math>
 +
 
 +
where <math>p_0=(854.9\pm 77.94)</math> and <math>p_1=(181.6\pm 15.96)</math>.
 +
 
 +
To find the effective impedance we just need the slope of this line so
 +
 
 +
<math>R=\frac{1}{p_1}\ \left[ \frac{V}{mA} \right] = \frac{1}{(181.6\pm 15.96)}\ k\Omega = (5.51\pm 0.48)\ \Omega</math>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
2.)The measured reverse biased turn on voltage is _________ Volts for silicon diode type # IN_____________.  The % difference between the measured turn on voltage and the one given in the specification is __________%.  Circle the correct answer in the parentheses.  This % difference (is / is not) within the measurement uncertainty. ( 10 pnts). See the answer below.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
We can find the reverse biased turn on voltage using the same fitting line equation above  <math>I[mA]=p_0+p_1\times V[Volts]</math>. The intersection of this line with voltage axis are:
 +
 
 +
<math>V=\frac{p_0}{p_1} = \frac{(854.9\pm 77.94)}{(181.6\pm 15.96)} = 4.71\pm 0.59\ [Volts]</math>.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
The measured reverse biased turn on voltage is <math>4.71\pm 0.59\ [Volts]</math> for silicon diode type # '''1N5230B-T'''.  The % difference between the measured turn on voltage and the one given in the specification is <math>\frac{4.71-4.70}{4.70} = 0.21\ %</math>.  Circle the correct answer in the parentheses.  This % difference ('''is''' / is not) within the measurement uncertainty.
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
3.) Plot the forward biased diode  and measure the effective impedance of the diode using a linear fit in the linear region at large bias voltages. ( 20 pnts)
 
3.) Plot the forward biased diode  and measure the effective impedance of the diode using a linear fit in the linear region at large bias voltages. ( 20 pnts)
 +
 +
[[File:L8 diod forvard.png | 1000 px]]
  
 +
 +
 +
From the plot above the fitting line beyond the turn on reverse voltage is given by
 +
 +
<math>I[mA]=p_0+p_1\times V[Volts]</math>
 +
 +
where <math>p_0=(-707.7\pm 60.18)</math> and <math>p_1=(868.6\pm 70.71)</math>.
 +
 +
To find the effective impedance we just need the slope of this line so
 +
 +
<math>R=\frac{1}{p_1}\ \left[ \frac{V}{mA} \right] = \frac{1}{(868.6\pm 70.71)}\ k\Omega = (1.15\pm 0.09)\ \Omega</math>
  
 
=Show and tell=
 
=Show and tell=
Line 122: Line 204:
  
 
2.) Create a circuit to cause an LED to illuminate.
 
2.) Create a circuit to cause an LED to illuminate.
 +
 +
I just replaced the diode 1N5230B-T with the red LED LN21RPH. The plot below represents the forward current versus the applied voltage.
 +
 +
 +
[[File:L8 LED m1.png | 1000 px ]]
 +
 +
The LED starts to illuminate <math>V_{LED} = 1.869\ [V]</math> and illumination becomes stable and bright at about <math>V_{LED} = 1.890\ [V]</math>
 +
that corresponds to <math>2\ -\ 3\ mA</math> current through the LED
  
  
 
[[Forest_Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurement]]
 
[[Forest_Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurement]]
 
[https://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Electronics_RS Go Back to All Lab Reports]
 
[https://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Electronics_RS Go Back to All Lab Reports]

Latest revision as of 17:25, 23 February 2011

Go Back to All Lab Reports

Lab 8 The Diode
Objective: Measure the current-voltage curve of a silicon diode.


Reverse current

1.) Construct the circuit below using a DC power supply, a diode.

Lab8 ReverseCurrentDiode.png

2.) Attach an Oscilloscope with internal resistance [math] R_{scope}= 1M\Omega[/math]. The scope will measure the voltage drop across R and thus the current will be given by this voltage difference divided by R.

3.) Determine a value for R which will allow you to measure a current of at least 10 mA (prefeferably 50 mA) at the diodes reverse bias cut off voltage. Show your power calculation. (5 pnts)


For low current measurements I am going to use [math]R=988\ \Omega[/math]. Using this resistors and assuming the minimum voltage I can measure is [math]V_R=1\ mV[/math] I will be able to measure current equal [math]I=\frac{V_R}{R}=\frac{1\ mV}{988\ \Omega}=1\ uA[/math]. And assuming the maximum voltage I can measure is [math]V_R=20\ V[/math] I will be able to measure current equal [math]I=\frac{V_R}{R}=\frac{20\ V}{988\ \Omega}=20\ mA[/math].


To measure some current points above [math]I=20\ mA[/math] I am going to use [math]R=98.4\ \Omega[/math]. Using this resistors and assuming the max voltage I will measure is [math]V_R=4\ V[/math] I will be able to measure current about [math]I=\frac{V_R}{R}=\frac{4\ V}{98.4\ \Omega}=40\ uA[/math].


So I am going to cover during my measurements the range from [math]I=1\ uA[/math] to [math]I=20\ mA[/math] using resistor of [math]R=988\ \Omega[/math]. And the range from [math]I=20\ mA[/math] to [math]I=40\ mA[/math] using resistor of [math]R=98.4\ \Omega[/math].


About my power calculation see my table below.


4.) Measure the diode reverse current [math]1 \mu A \lt I_r \lt 40 mA[/math] as a function of the DC supply voltage.


The diode reverse current as a function of the DC supply voltage
Resistor, [math]R,\ [\Omega][/math] Bias Voltage, [math]V_{diode},\ [V][/math] Scope Voltage, [math]V_{scope},\ [V][/math] Current, [math]I=\frac{V_{scope}}{R},\ [mA][/math] Diode power, [math]P=V_{diode}\cdot I[/math] R power, [math]P=V_{scope}\cdot I[/math]
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -0.04130[math]\pm[/math]0.00005 -0.0001[math]\pm[/math]0.0002 -0.0001[math]\pm[/math] -0.0002 0.000 0.000
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -1.2810[math]\pm[/math]0.0005 -0.0001[math]\pm[/math]0.0002 -0.0001[math]\pm[/math] -0.0002 0.000 0.000
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -2.0700[math]\pm[/math]0.0005 -0.004[math]\pm[/math]0.002 -0.004[math]\pm[/math] -0.002 0.000 0.000
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -2.9070[math]\pm[/math]0.0005 -0.080[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -0.08[math]\pm[/math] -0.01 0.000 0.000
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -3.4010[math]\pm[/math]0.0005 -0.30[math]\pm[/math] 0.01 -0.30[math]\pm[/math] -0.01 0.001 0.000
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -3.8910[math]\pm[/math]0.0005 -1.00[math]\pm[/math] 0.05 -1.01[math]\pm[/math] -0.05 0.004 0.001
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -4.160[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -2.00[math]\pm[/math] 0.05 -2.02[math]\pm[/math] -0.05 0.008 0.004
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -4.400[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -4.0[math]\pm[/math] 0.1 -4.05[math]\pm[/math] -0.10 0.018 0.016
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -4.600[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -8.0[math]\pm[/math] 0.2 -8.10[math]\pm[/math] -0.20 0.037 0.065
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -4.660[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -10.0[math]\pm[/math] 0.5 -10.12[math]\pm[/math] -0.51 0.047 0.101
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -4.750[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -15.0[math]\pm[/math] 0.5 -15.18[math]\pm[/math] -0.51 0.072 0.228
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -4.790[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -18.0[math]\pm[/math] 0.5 -18.22[math]\pm[/math] -0.51 0.087 0.328
988.0[math]\pm[/math]0.5 -4.810[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -20.0[math]\pm[/math] 0.5 -20.24[math]\pm[/math] -0.51 0.097 0.405
98.40[math]\pm[/math]0.05 -4.840[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -2.4[math]\pm[/math] 0.1 -24.39[math]\pm[/math] -1.02 0.118 0.059
98.40[math]\pm[/math]0.05 -4.880[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -3.0[math]\pm[/math] 0.1 -30.49[math]\pm[/math] -1.02 0.149 0.091
98.40[math]\pm[/math]0.05 -4.930[math]\pm[/math]0.005 -4.0[math]\pm[/math] 0.1 -40.65[math]\pm[/math] -1.02 0.200 0.163



5.) Fill in the blank. The reverse biased diode acts as a constant current source before the turn on voltage. As we can see from the plot below it keeps the constant current before the turn on voltage point. And it acts as a constant voltage source beyond the turn on voltage. As we can see from the plot below it keeps the constant voltage beyond the turn on voltage point(5 pnts)

Forward Current

1.) now swap the diode direction and repeat the measurement in the previous section.

Lab8 ForwardCurrentDiode.png

2.) Attach an Oscilloscope with internal resistance [math] R_{scope}= 1M\Omega[/math]. The scope will measure the voltage drop across R and thus the current will be given by this voltage difference divided by R.

3.) Determine a value for R which will allow you to measure a current of at least 10 mA (preferably 50 mA) at the diodes forward bias cut off voltage.


All my R calculation is the same as for reverse current case above. I am going to cover during my measurements the range from [math]I=1\ uA[/math] to [math]I=20\ mA[/math] using resistor of [math]R=988\ \Omega[/math]. And the range from [math]I=20\ mA[/math] to [math]I=40\ mA[/math] using resistor of [math]R=98.4\ \Omega[/math].


About my power calculation see my table below. [math]\pm[/math]


4.)Measure the diode reverse current [math]1 \mu A \lt I_r \lt 40 mA[/math] as a function of the DC supply voltage.


The diode forward current as a function of the DC supply voltage
Resistor, [math]R,\ [\Omega][/math] Bias Voltage, [math]V_{diode},\ [V][/math] Scope Voltage, [math]V_{scope},\ [V][/math] Current, [math]I=\frac{V_{scope}}{R},\ [mA][/math] Diode power, [math]P=V_{diode}\cdot I[/math] R power, [math]P=V_{scope}\cdot I[/math]
988.0± 0.5 0.04120± 0.00005 0.0001± 0.0002 0.0001± 0.0002 0.000 0.000
988.0± 0.5 0.5530± 0.0005 0.0001± 0.0002 0.0001± 0.0002 0.000 0.000
988.0± 0.5 0.6340± 0.0005 0.010± 0.002 0.010± 0.002 0.000 0.000
988.0± 0.5 0.6760± 0.0005 0.090± 0.005 0.09± 0.01 0.000 0.000
988.0± 0.5 0.6990± 0.0005 0.200± 0.005 0.20± 0.01 0.000 0.000
988.0± 0.5 0.7290± 0.0005 0.50± 0.01 0.51± 0.01 0.000 0.000
988.0± 0.5 0.7520± 0.0005 1.20± 0.05 1.21± 0.05 0.001 0.001
988.0± 0.5 0.7900± 0.0005 4.0± 0.1 4.05± 0.10 0.003 0.016
988.0± 0.5 0.8090± 0.0005 8.0± 0.2 8.10± 0.20 0.007 0.065
988.0± 0.5 0.8150± 0.0005 10.0± 0.5 10.12± 0.51 0.008 0.101
988.0± 0.5 0.8270± 0.0005 15.0± 0.5 15.18± 0.51 0.013 0.228
988.0± 0.5 0.8370± 0.0005 20.0± 0.5 20.24± 0.51 0.017 0.405
988.0± 0.5 0.8410± 0.0005 23.0± 0.5 23.28± 0.51 0.020 0.535
98.40± 0.05 0.8510± 0.0005 3.0± 0.1 30.49± 1.02 0.026 0.091
98.40± 0.05 0.8610± 0.0005 4.0± 0.1 40.65± 1.02 0.035 0.163


5.) Fill in the blank. The forward biased diode act as a constant voltage source. As we can see from the plot below it keeps the constant voltage beyond the turn on voltage point. (5 pnts)

Graph

  1. Plot the diode current (on the ordinate) versus the diode voltage (on the abscissa)for the forward and reverse biased diode on the same graph. (35 pnts)

L8 diod current m1.png

Questions

1.) Plot the reverse biased diode for voltages beyond the turn on voltage and measure the effective impedance of the diode using a linear fit. (20 pnts)

L8 diod reverse.png


From the plot above the fitting line beyond the turn on reverse voltage is given by

[math]I[mA]=p_0+p_1\times V[Volts][/math]
where [math]p_0=(854.9\pm 77.94)[/math] and [math]p_1=(181.6\pm 15.96)[/math].

To find the effective impedance we just need the slope of this line so

[math]R=\frac{1}{p_1}\ \left[ \frac{V}{mA} \right] = \frac{1}{(181.6\pm 15.96)}\ k\Omega = (5.51\pm 0.48)\ \Omega[/math]


2.)The measured reverse biased turn on voltage is _________ Volts for silicon diode type # IN_____________. The % difference between the measured turn on voltage and the one given in the specification is __________%. Circle the correct answer in the parentheses. This % difference (is / is not) within the measurement uncertainty. ( 10 pnts). See the answer below.


We can find the reverse biased turn on voltage using the same fitting line equation above [math]I[mA]=p_0+p_1\times V[Volts][/math]. The intersection of this line with voltage axis are:

[math]V=\frac{p_0}{p_1} = \frac{(854.9\pm 77.94)}{(181.6\pm 15.96)} = 4.71\pm 0.59\ [Volts][/math]. 


The measured reverse biased turn on voltage is [math]4.71\pm 0.59\ [Volts][/math] for silicon diode type # 1N5230B-T. The % difference between the measured turn on voltage and the one given in the specification is [math]\frac{4.71-4.70}{4.70} = 0.21\ %[/math]. Circle the correct answer in the parentheses. This % difference (is / is not) within the measurement uncertainty.


3.) Plot the forward biased diode and measure the effective impedance of the diode using a linear fit in the linear region at large bias voltages. ( 20 pnts)

L8 diod forvard.png


From the plot above the fitting line beyond the turn on reverse voltage is given by

[math]I[mA]=p_0+p_1\times V[Volts][/math]
where [math]p_0=(-707.7\pm 60.18)[/math] and [math]p_1=(868.6\pm 70.71)[/math].

To find the effective impedance we just need the slope of this line so

[math]R=\frac{1}{p_1}\ \left[ \frac{V}{mA} \right] = \frac{1}{(868.6\pm 70.71)}\ k\Omega = (1.15\pm 0.09)\ \Omega[/math]

Show and tell

1.) Use a two channel oscilloscope in "x-y" mode to illustrate the V-vs-I curve to your instructor.

2.) Create a circuit to cause an LED to illuminate.

I just replaced the diode 1N5230B-T with the red LED LN21RPH. The plot below represents the forward current versus the applied voltage. 


L8 LED m1.png

The LED starts to illuminate [math]V_{LED} = 1.869\ [V][/math] and illumination becomes stable and bright at about [math]V_{LED} = 1.890\ [V][/math]
that corresponds to [math]2\ -\ 3\ mA[/math] current through the LED


Forest_Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurement Go Back to All Lab Reports