Latest revision as of 17:45, 8 September 2014

Air Resistance (A Damping force that depends on velocity (F(v)))

Newton's second law

Consider the impact on solving Newton's second law when there is an external Force that is velocity dependent

Frictional forces tend to be proportional to a fixed power of velocity

Linear air resistance (n=1) arises from the viscous drag of the medium through which the object is falling.

Quadratic air resistance (n=2) arises from the objects continual collision with the medium that causes the elements in the medium to accelerate.

Air resistance for rain drops or ball bearings in oil tends to be more linear while canon balls and people falling through the air tends to be more quadratic.

Example: A Sphere moving through air at STP

Linear
Quadratic

Thus in order for the above ratio to be near unity, D is very small like a raindrop and has a small velocity < 1 m/s.

Linear Air Resistance

Forest_UCM_PnCP_LinAirRes

quadratic friction

Forest_UCM_PnCP_QuadAirRes

Another block on incline example

Forest_UCM_NLM_BlockOnIncline

Projecile Motion

Forest_UCM_PnCP_ProjMotion

Charged Particle in uniform B-Field

Forest_UCM_PnCP_QubUniBfield

Forest_Ugrad_ClassicalMechanics

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=A Damping force that depends on velocity (F(v))=
+=Air Resistance (A Damping force that depends on velocity (F(v)))=
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 : <math>F(v) \approx v^n</math>
-If <math>n</math> is unity then the velocity is exponentially approaching zero.
-:<math>F(v) = -bv</math>: negative sign indicates a retarding force and <math>b</math> is a proportionality constant
-:<math>\sum \vec {F}_{ext} = -bv = m \frac{dv}{dt}</math>
+Linear air resistance (n=1) arises from the viscous drag of the medium through which the object is falling.
-: <math>\Rightarrow  \int_{v_i}^{v_f} \frac{dv}{v} = \int_{t_i}^{t_f} \frac{-b}{m}dt</math>
-:<math>\ln\frac{v_f}{v_i} = \frac{-b}{m}t</math>; <math>t_i \equiv 0</math>
-: <math>v_f = v_i e^{-\frac{b}{m}t}</math>
-=Charged Particle in uniform B-Field=
+Quadratic air resistance (n=2) arises from the objects continual collision with the medium that causes the elements in the medium to accelerate.
-Consider a charged particle moving the x-y plane in the presence of a uniform magnetic field with field lines in the z-dierection.
-:<math>\vec{v} = v_x \hat i + v_y \hat j</math>
+Air resistance for rain drops or ball bearings in oil tends to be more linear while canon balls and people falling through the air tends to be more quadratic.
-:<math>\vec{B} = B \hat k</math>
-;Lorentz Force
+Example:  A Sphere moving through air at STP
-:<math>\vec{F} = q \vec{E} + q\vec{v} \times \vec{B}</math>
+;Linear:
+:<math>F_f = bv = \beta D v = \left ( 1.6 \times 10^{-4} \frac{N \cdot s}{m^2}\right ) D v</math>
+;Quadratic:
+:<math>F_f = cv^2 = \gamma D^2 v^2 = \left ( 2.5 \times 10^{-1} \frac{N \cdot s^2}{m^4}\right ) D^2 v^2</math>
-;Note: the work done by a magnetic field is zero if the particle's kinetic energy (mass and velocity) don't change.
+:<math>\frac{F_f(\mbox{Quadratic})}{F_f(\mbox{linear})} = \left (1.6 \times 10 ^{2} \frac{s}{m^2} \right ) D v</math>
-:<math>W = \Delta K.E.</math>
-No work is done on a charged particle forced to move in a fixed circular orbit by a magnetic field (cyclotron)
+Thus in order for the above ratio to be near unity,<math> Dv < 10^{-3} \Rightarrow</math> D is very small like a raindrop and has a small velocity < 1 m/s.
+==Linear Air Resistance==
-:<math>\vec{F} = m \vec{a} = q \vec{v} \times \vec{B} =  q\left ( \begin{matrix} \hat i  & \hat j & \hat k \\ v_x   & v_y &0 \\ 0 &0 & B  \end{matrix} \right )</math>
+[[Forest_UCM_PnCP_LinAirRes]]
-:<math>\vec{F} = q \left (v_y B \hat i - v_x B \hat j \right )</math>
-==Apply Newton's 2nd Law==
+==quadratic friction==
-:<math>ma_x = qv_yB</math>
-:<math>ma_y = -qv_x B</math>
-:<math>ma_z = 0</math>
+[[Forest_UCM_PnCP_QuadAirRes]]
-;Motion in the z-direction has no acceleration and therefor constant (zero) velocity.
+==Another block on incline example==
-;Motion in the x-y plane is circular
+[[Forest_UCM_NLM_BlockOnIncline]]
-Let
+=Projecile Motion=
-:<math>\omega=\frac{qB}{m}</math> = fundamental cyclotron frequency
-Then we have two coupled equations
+[[Forest_UCM_PnCP_ProjMotion]]
-:<math>\dot{v}_x = \omega v_y</math>
+=Charged Particle in uniform B-Field=
-:<math>\dot{v}_y = - \omega v_x</math>
-==determine the velocity as a function of time==
-let
-:<math>v^* = v_x + i v_y</math> = complex variable used to change variables
-:<math>\dot{v}^* = \dot{v}_x + i \dot{v}_y</math>
-:: <math>= \omega v_y + i (-\omega v_x)</math>
-:: <math>= -i \omega \left ( \omega v_x +i\omega v_y \right )</math>
-:: <math>= -i \omega v^*</math>
-:<math>\Rightarrow</math>
-::<math>v^* = Ae^{-i\omega t}</math>
-the complex variable solution may be written in terms of <math>\sin</math> and <math>\cos</math>
-:<math>v_x +i v_y = A \left ( \cos(\omega t) - i \sin ( \omega t) \right )</math>
-The above expression indicates that <math>v_x</math> and <math>v_y</math> oscillate at the same frequency but are 90 degrees out of phase.  This is characteristic of circular motion with a magnitude of <math>v_{\perp}</math> such that
-:<math>v^* = v_{\perp}e^{-i\omega t}</math>
-==Determine the position as a function of time==
-To determine the position as a function of time we need to integrate the solution above for the velocity as a function of time
-:<math>v^* = v_{\perp}e^{-i\omega t}</math>
-Using the same trick used to determine the velocity, define a position function using complex variable such that
-:<math>x^* = x + i y</math>
-Using the definitions of velocity
-: <math>x^* = \int v^* dt = \int v_{\perp}e^{-i\omega t} dt</math>
-:: <math>= \frac{v_{\perp}}{i \omega} e^{-i\omega t} </math>
-The position is also composed of two oscillating components that are out of phase by 90 degrees
-:<math>x^* = x + i y= \frac{v_{\perp}}{i \omega} e^{-i\omega t} = -i\frac{v_{perp}}{\omega} \left ( \cos(\omega t) - \sin(\omega t) \right )</math>
-The radius of the circular orbit is given by
-:<math>r = \left | x^* \right | = \frac{v_{perp}}{\omega} = \frac{mv_{perp}}{qB}</math>
-:<math>r = \frac{p}{qB}</math>
-::<math>p=qBr</math>
-The momentum is proportional to the charge, magnetic field, and radius
-http://hep.physics.wayne.edu/~harr/courses/5200/f07/lecture10.htm
+[[Forest_UCM_PnCP_QubUniBfield]]
-http://www.physics.sfsu.edu/~lea/courses/grad/motion.PDF
-http://physics.ucsd.edu/students/courses/summer2009/session1/physics2b/CH29.pdf
-http://cnx.org/contents/77faa148-866e-4e96-8d6e-1858487a520f@9
 [[Forest_Ugrad_ClassicalMechanics]]

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