Difference between revisions of "Development of Compact Plasma Radiation Source (CPRS) at IAC for imaging"

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-[https://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/RS#X-pinch.2FZ-pinch go back]
-*X-Pinch was proposed in 1982 at the P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute [1]
-[1] S. M. Zakharov, G. V. Ivanenkov, A. A. Kolomenskii, S. A. Pikuz, A. I. Samokhin, and I. Ulshmid,  "Wire X-pinch in a high-current diode",  Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.,  vol. 8,  pp.456 -457 1982
-==To do list (for design of IAC compact PRS)==
-*X = F(Ip, Tp, wire) Look at dependence of X-Ray parameters, such as time, width, power. energy etc., on the current parameters, such as peak current, time to peak and on the wire parameters, such, material, diameter, length. It could happens that for compact PRS, when current width is small, we will not have enough time to make X-Ray Pulse. Also, for imaging with good time resolution (for. Khalid), we want the smallest X-Ray pulse width (<1ns) without jitter and with good reproducibility.
-*Look at switches. Right now I have used Lsw = 10 nH (Mazarakis 1999 [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=825498]). But if the switch inductance, say, is Lsw = 115 nH we will need at least 10 - 20 bricks (depending on kA/ns needed). If so, we do have anymore the compact PRS (4 capacitors). Now we are indeed coming toward to LTD cavity design..
-*Check, if it's true, that for smaller Ipeak, tpeak, the X-ray pulse is bigger (tens of ns). If so, compact PRS will be challenge, because we will not have enough time resolution for imaging
-*Look at voltage breakdown
-**air: 3 kV/mm
-**vacuum:
-*Design idea
-**make open easy access design
-**use "critically damped" design to eliminate negative wave
-*Look at diagnostics
-*Look at compact X-Pinch design
-==Study of X-Ray brightness, spatial and temporal characteristics as function of X-Pinch peak current, time, wire material and geometry==
-*In spite of the fact that X-pinch has been studied for a long time on various setups, the scaling parameters for the initial conditions (current, rate of current rise, wire material, number of wires, linear mass of the load, and its configuration) for which the X-pinch is optimal are still unknown and are determined experimentally in each specific case. This is primarily due to the fact that X-pinch is a system that basically operates for a wide range of initial conditions. Second, processes in the X-pinch are quite complicated, and a theoretical model for an adequate description of all stages of these processes has not been constructed as yet. Third, systematic studies can only be performed on the same specific setup, and setups differ significantly. [http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/13/art%253A10.1134%252FS1063776110090049.pdf?auth66=1363067683_116cad7f883e6a27b9ccd21936b59124&ext=.pdf]
-'''dI/dt > 1 kA/ns requirement'''
-*"To obtain a bright source of radiation, i.e., an ∼1 µm or submicrometer-scalesize radiation source in the soft X-ray range that has a subnanosecond pulse duration, the generator must have a rate of the rise of current I that satisﬁes '''dI/dt > 1 kA/ns'''. Furthermore, the bigger this parameter is, the brighter the source can be." [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1710122]
-*"The main requirements imposed on the generator are '''the current amplitude 150-300 kA and the rate of the current rise 1-2 kA/ns.''' At the moment, these parameters of the current pulse can be provided only by enough large fixed-site generators weighing from 300 kg to several tons. These shortcomings limit to a great extent the feasibility of this diagnostic technique in studies of extreme states. Therefore, the design of a portable pulse generator which provides the required parameters makes it possible to proceed to a new level of diagnostics of fast processes." [http://icpig2007.ipp.cas.cz/files/download/cd-cko/ICPIG2007/pdf/3P15-14.pdf]
-'''Scaling parameters for X-Pinches at different setups''' [http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/13/art%253A10.1134%252FS1063776110090049.pdf?auth66=1363067683_116cad7f883e6a27b9ccd21936b59124&ext=.pdf]
-[[File:Scaling formula.png]]
-"...Simple relations are proposed for choosing optimal initial parameters of the X-pinch for various types of current generators."
-[[File:Scaling for x pinches.png]]
-'''Single brighpoint source requirement'''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1710122]
-*"... matching the X-pinch wire mass to the speciﬁc current-pulse parameters is important in determining whether there will be a single brightpoint source rather than many bright spots and in minimizing the hard X-rays due to the energetic electrons."
-*"...If the current is near enough to the peak value that the derivative is decreasing in magnitude, the COBRA X-pinches can produce one intense X-ray burst in the > 1.7-keV energy region with more than 1-J energy yield and with a source size near 1 µm.'''
-*"...Fig. 8 shows that the most important factor for determining the ﬁrst X-ray burst timing was the linear mass density of the wires."
-[[File:X-ray burst timing.png]]
-'''Temporal characteristics of X-Ray'''
-==X-Pinch diagnostics==
-'''temporal X-Ray monitoring'''
-*X-Ray vacuum diode (XRD): for extreme ultraviolet (XUV) diagnostic *[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1710122]
-*photoconducting vacuum detector (PCDs): for soft X-ray diagnostic
-*Si-diodes (AXUV-HS diodes): for hard X-ray diagnostic
-*togeter with different ﬁlters
-*oscilloscope with 10 ps resolution
-'''spectral X-Ray monitoring'''
-*KAP and spherically bent mica crystal spectrograph
-*pinhole cameras with different sets of ﬁlters
-*a camera with a 50-µm slit and a step ﬁlter set [slit step-wedge (SSW) camera]
-'''current monitoring'''
-**Rogowski coils
-==PRS based on Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) technologies==
-"The LTD driver is an induction generator similar to the induction accelerator (LIA) [1,2], the inductive voltage adder (IVA) [3–6], and the linear pulsed transformer (LPT)" [http://prst-ab.aps.org/abstract/PRSTAB/v12/i5/e050402]
-Each LTD stage (or sometimes called LTD cavities) consists of three different elements: a capacitor, a gas spark switch and a ferromagnetic core. The necessity of ferromagnetic core is to inductively connect stage to TL. So the one stage can be used as building block to design the bigger facilities. Buy designing the different stages and connecting them in different way a great variety id devices can be constructed. [http://prst-ab.aps.org/abstract/PRSTAB/v12/i5/e050402]
-What was done with LTD:
-*A compact, high-voltage e-beam pulser: 3 MV, 100 kA
-*A compact, high-voltage e-beam pulser: 10 MV, 100 kA
-*1 MV ultra-fast LTD generator: 1 MV, 125 kA
-*High Current Fast 100-NS cavity: 100 kV, 1 MA
-*LTD-II: 100 kV, 490 kA
-*LTD-III: 92 kV, 810 kA
-*etc...
-==Pulsed Power Company==
-*General Atomics Electronic Systems, Inc. (GA-ESI), San-Diego [http://www.ga-esi.com/index.php]
-*General Atomics Electronic Systems, Inc.: Series PDS/PDSS - Fast Pulse Capacitors [http://l3ndt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=66]
-*Pulsed Power Laboratories. Inc [http://www.pulsedpwr.com/default.asp]
-*L-3 Applied Technologies - Pulse Sciences [http://l3ndt.com/]
-*L-3 Applied Technologies - Pulse Sciences: HV Switches [http://l3ndt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=66]
-==Literature==
-'''Literature: LTD tehnologies'''
-#M.G.Mazarakis, '''A compact, high-voltage e-beam pulser''', 1999 IEEE [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=825498]
-#M.G.Mazarakis '''Ultrafast LTD's for bremsstrahlung diodes and Z-pinches''' 2002 IEEE [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=1002163&contentType=Conference+Publications]
-#A.A.Kim '''1 MV ultra-fast LTD generator'''  2003 IEEE [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1277943]
-#M.G.Mazarakis '''High Current Fast 100-NS LTD Driver Development in Sandia Laboratory''' 2005 IEEE [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4084234]
-#M.G.Mazarakis '''Conceptual Design for a Linear-Transformer Driver (LTD)-Based Refurbishment and Upgrade of the Saturn Accelerator Pulse-Power System''' SANDIA REPORT SAND2006-5811, 2006 [http://www.sandia.gov/pulsedpower/prog_cap/pub_papers/065811.pdf]
-#M.G. Mazarakis '''Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) development at Sandia national laboratory''' 2009 IEEE [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5386187]
-#J.R.Woodworth '''Low-inductance gas switches for linear transformer drivers''' Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 060401 (2009) [http://prst-ab.aps.org/abstract/PRSTAB/v12/i6/e060401]
-#W.A.Stygar '''Shaping the output pulse of a linear-transformer-driver module''' Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 030402 (2009) [http://prst-ab.aps.org/abstract/PRSTAB/v12/i3/e030402]
-#A.A. Kim  '''Development and tests of fast 1-MA linear transformer driver stages''' Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 050402 (2009) [http://prst-ab.aps.org/abstract/PRSTAB/v12/i5/e050402]
-#M.G. Mazarakis '''High current, 0.5-MA, fast, 100-ns, linear transformer driver experiments''' Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 050401 (2009) [http://prst-ab.aps.org/abstract/PRSTAB/v12/i5/e050401]
-#M.G. Mazarakis '''High-Current Linear Transformer Driver Development at Sandia National Laboratories''' 2010 IEEE [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5386187]
-#J. R. Woodworth '''Compact 810 kA linear transformer driver cavity''' Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 14, 040401 (2011) [http://prst-ab.aps.org/abstract/PRSTAB/v14/i5/e059901]

Difference between revisions of "Development of Compact Plasma Radiation Source (CPRS) at IAC for imaging"

Latest revision as of 18:20, 15 October 2014

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