Detector Description

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GEM Detector Design and Structure

The GEM preamplifier described in section XXXX was used to increase the signal amplitude of the ionization chamber. Primary electrons are liberated by an ionizing particle intersecting an ionization chamber that has a 90/10 Ar/CO2 gas; the cathode's electric field accelerates the electrons towards the GEM preamplifier. As described in section XXX, a single GEM preamplifier can increase the number of liberated electron by three orders of magnitude via secondary ionization.<ref = "chechik"> R. Chechik, A. Breskin, G. P. Guedes, D. Mörmann, J. M. Maia, V. Dangendorf, D. Vartsky, J. M. F. Dos Santos, and J. F. C. A. Veloso, Recent Investigations of Cascaded GEM and MHSP detectors, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 2004 </ref> Using three pre-amplifiers will increase the signal amplitude making it measurable. A high voltage divider circuit is used to establish the electric fields for each preamplifier using a single power supply channel, and secondary electrons are guided towards a segmented charge collector.


Detector Structure

The triple GEM detector is composed of three GEM preamplifiers, a cathode and an anode. A GEM preamplifier is a 50 micron thick kapton foil clad on both sides with 5 microns of copper. A staggered pattern of 50 micron diameter holes, equally spaced by distances comparable to the hole diameter, is chemically etched into the copper clad foil of a 140 um pitch distance over an area of 10x10cm. <ref name = "Souli"> F. Sauli, et al, NIM A 386, 531 (1997) </ref> The detector contains three GEM preamplifiers mounted on square plastic frames separated by a vertical distance of 2.8 mm and placed parallel to the cathode as shown in the figure below.

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Fig.1 shows the original GEM detector design.

The cathode is a square copper plate that is 10x10cm and is 3.5 mm away from the top of the first GEM card. This cathode design is capable of being set to be at a potential voltage of 5 kV (in the air) without any discharge. The charge collector (readout anode) is constructed of 50-80 micron wide strips that are insulated to determine the location of the collected electrons, and are arranged to allow equal charge sharing on the upper (x coordinate) and lower (y coordinate) charge collector layers <ref name= readout>Physik Department E18, Technische University Munchen, 2D readout Plane, 21 of Jun.2012. http://www.e18.ph.tum.de/research/compass/gempixelgem-tracking-detectors </ref>.

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Fig. shows the charge collector dimensions and arrangement <ref name = readout/>.

All the above components exist in a sealed chamber that consists of two ertalyte plastic sheets; they are bolted together by a number of M3 plastic screws located around the detector window to form a well enclosed cavity. Also, the chamber has a 13x13cm kapton window to reduce the energy loss of incident particles entering the chamber. The figures below show top, bottom, and side views of the detector's chamber design.


GEM top.png GEM bottom.png GEM sides.png

Modifying the GEM detector as neutron sensitive detector

The GEM’s original design was modified to convert it to a neutron-sensitive detector. As mentioned previously in Section YYY, fissionable material, inserted inside the chamber, may be used to indirectly detect neutrons by detecting the ionization caused by fission fragments released into the chamber if a neutron induced fission event occurs. The cathode design has a 3 cm diameter coating of U-233 with a 30-40 um thickness. The kapton window height was increased 2.5 mm to accommodate an increase in the distance of the cathode to 8 mm from the top of the first of GEM card (instead of 3.5 mm in the original design). An FR4 shutter which had enough area to cover the fissionable material was attached in the space between the cathode and the first GEM card. The shutter could be opened or closed from outside the chamber. When the shutter is closed, it covers the U-233 coating and stops the emitted fission fragments ionizing the gas beyond the shutter. When the shutter is open, the ionization due to fission fragments produces a signal.

The shutter has the ability to stop the fission fragments that are emitted from U-233 coating. Having the U-233 as a source for alpha particles, the QDC charge spectrum showed a difference in case the shutter was open and when it was close, such a test proved the ability of the FR4 shutter to stop (or partially stop) the emitted alpha particles from U-233 coating. The figure below shows the charge spectra in case of shutter open and closed as the detector's operating voltage is 2.6 kV and 2.9 kV for GEM and cathode successively.

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charge collected as the voltage is 2.60 2.90 kV for GEM and cathode successively

Since the fission fragments are heavier ions than the alpha particles, a closed shutter should stop them. Such an ability is important to distinguish the fission fragments' signal from the other particles' signals in a heavy radiation environment created in an operating accelerator or reactor.

 What about alpha and beta particles.




The figures below show the modified components of the detector.

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Adding modifications to GEM design.
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Modifying the cavity size by the increasing the height of kapton window.
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Detector's shutter is open.
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Detector's shutter is close.

High voltage divider circuit

The GEM preamplifiers are connected with high voltage divider circuit that determines the electron multiplication and their transfer to the charge collector. As mentioned previously, The applied voltage on GEM cards determines all the detector properties, such as the order of electron multiplication, and the electron collection by the readout plate. A high voltage divider circuit was design for these purposes as shown in the figure below: <ref = "SergeHV"> Pinto, Serge . Gas Electron Multipliers Development of large area GEMS and spherical GEMS. Diss. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät , 2011 </ref>

GEM HV Dist Net.jpg

It provides the cathode with a voltage of 3.6 kV, and it produces an electric field which drifts most of the electrons that are primarily produced by ionization. The circuit also provides the GEM preamplifiers with voltage between the top and bottom of each card; the voltage gradually decreases to have the least value between the sides of the third GEM card. This design's advantage is to provide enough voltage for electron multiplication, and to guide most of the drift electrons to the grounded readout plate.

The following table shows the voltage measurements between the sides of the GEM preamplifiers, and voltage between each side and the ground using the HV-voltage divider circuit shown in figure (2).

[math] V_{source} \pm 1 [/math] [math] V_{G1T} \pm 1 [/math] [math] V_{G1B} \pm 1 [/math] [math] \Delta V_1 \pm 1 [/math] [math] V_{G2T} \pm 1 [/math] [math] V_{G2B} \pm 1 [/math] [math] \Delta V_2 \pm 1[/math] [math] V_{G3T} \pm 1 [/math] [math] V_{G3B} \pm 1 [/math] [math] \Delta V_3 \pm 1 [/math]
2550 2579 2259 304 1671 1394 279 818 570 245
2600 2630 2303 310 1704 1421 285 834 581 250
2650 2680 2348 316 1737 1449 290 850 592 255
2700 2731 2393 322 1770 1476 296 866 603 260
2750 2781 2373 328 1803 1503 302 882 614 264
2800 2832 2482 332 1836 1530 307 898 625 269



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