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\begin{document}
\title{Design of a new beamline for electrons, positrons and photons
at the HRRL lab}
\author{Giulio Stancari and Tony Forest\\
\textit{\small Idaho State University, Department of Physics,
Pocatello, Idaho 83209 U.S.A.}}
\date{DRAFT: May 27, 2009}
\maketitle
\section{Introduction}
The HRRL is an S-band electron linac providing pulsed beams with
energies between 3~MeV and 16~MeV. The maximum repetition rate is
1.2~kHz, the maximum peak current is 80~mA, and the minimum pulse
length is 25~ns. The HRRL laboratory is located in the basement of
the Physical Science Building. This lab consists of a shielded
accelerator cell and an experimental area. Currently, a 3-m beamline
with a 90-degree bend delivers electron and photon beams to the
experimental area.
This project has two main goals:
(a)~to improve the quality of electron and photon beams in the HRRL lab;
(b)~to build a positron source for the IAC which could serve as a
prototype for the CEBAF machine at Jefferson Lab~\cite{JPOS09}.
\begin{figure*}
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{HPBv1_layout}}
\caption{Floor plan of the proposed beamline: HRRL power supplies
(PS); linac with stand (HRRL); collection quadrupole or doublet
(Q0); positron production target (PT); 45-degree dipoles (D1 and
D2); quadrupole triplets (QT1, QT2, and QT3); correction steerers
(S1, S2, and S3); current monitor (CM); beam-position monitors
(BPM); profile monitors (PM); Faraday cups (FC); secondary target
(ST). Dimensions are in~mm.}
\label{fig:HPBv1_layout}
\end{figure*}
For this project, we envision moving the HRRL machine and building a
5-m beamline with two 45-degree bends (Fig.~\ref{fig:HPBv1_layout}).
Specifically, we want to achieve the following:
\begin{itemize}
\item measure the properties of the $e^-$ beam;
\item provide a test stand for positron production targets;
\item provide space for testing positron collection systems;
\item measure the properties of the outcoming $e^+$ beam;
\item improve delivery of electron beams to the experimental area;
\item deliver photon beams produced in a secondary target downstream
of the second bend.
\end{itemize}
The electron beam properties include intensity, position, profile, and
momentum distribution. The intensity will be measured with a current
transformer at the exit port of the HRRL, cross-calibrated with a
Faraday cup downstream of the 0-degree port of the first bend. The
beam profile can be inferred from the image on a fluorescent screen
placed upstream of the production target. For the momentum
distribution, we need to provide slits in a dispersive region after
the first bend and a Faraday cup downstream of the 0-degree port of
the second bend.
For positron production, we would like to study tungsten foils of
various thicknesses, approximately between 0.1~mm and 2~mm. Enough
space (about 50~cm) should also be provided to test high-power
targets: rotating radiation-cooled metal disks and, possibly in the
future, liquid metal targets.
Positrons are produced with a wide spread in momentum and
divergence. The efficiency of the collection system is critical to
achieve reasonable intensities. A collection system based on
quadrupole triplets has been proposed and needs to be
tested. Alternatively, we should provide enough space (about 50~cm)
for a DC solenoid or an adiabatic matching device.
The intensity, position, profile, and momentum distribution of the
positron beam can be measured with a microchannel plate placed
downstream of the 0-degree port of the second bend. The same slits in
the high-dispersion region can be used for both electrons and
positrons. An emittance filter should also be installed to estimate
the phase-space distribution of the positron beam. The background level from
scattered photons needs to be measured to ensure the positron beam is
detectable.
\section{Beamline design}
The beamline optics is subject to several constraints. First of all,
the geometry of the HRRL cell, including the position of the beam hole
in the wall, limits the total length of the beamline to about 5~m.
The design is based on the following optical elements, which are
available at the IAC:
\begin{itemize}
\item orange `kiwi' dipoles: pole gap 1~in; 45$^\circ$ bend; radius of
curvature $\rho = \q{290}{mm}$;
\item Tesla Type 1 Quadrupoles: pole gap 1~in; physical length 100~mm;
maximum gradient \q{19}{T/m};
\item Tesla Type 2 Quadrupoles: pole gap 2~in; physical length 150~mm;
maximum gradient \q{9}{T/m}.
\end{itemize}
Some dispersion is needed in the beamline for two reasons: to measure
the momentum distribution of electrons and positrons; and to have the
capability to mimick a given momentum aperture with slits (for
injection into CEBAF, $\dmax = (\Delta p / p)_\mathrm{max} = \pm
2\%$). We also require a dispersion-free region ($D=0$, $D'=0$)
downstream of the last steerer and in the secondary target. This is
useful for reducing correlations between energy and position in
electron, positron, and photon beams sent to the experiments. These
dispersion requirements can be met by a double-bend achromat, which,
in this case, includes two 45-degree bends.
For the electron beam, we assume a typical 10-MeV linac emittance of
\q{1}{\mu m} and a focus with a $3\sigma$ beam size of 3~mm at the
positron production target. This implies amplitude functions equal to
$\beta = (\q{3}{mm})^2/(\q{1}{\mu m}) = \q{9}{m}$ at the target in
both planes. Of course, these assumptions need to be tested
experimentally. We also require a focus of same size at the secondary
target.
The properties of the positron source are simulated with a GEANT4
Monte Carlo assuming a 10-MeV electron beam on a 0.5-mm tungsten
target~\cite{GEANT4}. The momentum distribution of positrons peaks at
1.7~MeV and it is relatively flat within $\pm \q{0.2}{MeV}$. We choose
1.7~MeV as the design momentum for the beamline.
The spatial distribution of the outcoming positron beam is only
slightly wider than that of electrons. For this design, we assume a
focus (i.e., no correlation between positions and momenta) with
$3\sigma$ beam size of 4~mm.
For calculating transverse admittances, we assume the beamline
elements, including the vacuum pipe, have a half aperture of at least
12~mm. We need a beamline admittance (which will be completely filled
by the positrons) larger than the CEBAF admittance, \q{1}{\mu m}. We
choose to aim at an admittance $A = \q{10}{\mu m}$, which can then be
restricted with slits to mimick the CEBAF admittance.
In practice, to take both transverse and longitudinal constraints into
account, we require the maximum beam size in both planes to be
everywhere smaller than the half aperture~$a$ of the beamline:
\[ \sqrt{\beta A + \left(D \dmax \right)^2} < a. \]
The positions of the correction steerers S2 and S3 need to be chosen
so that the phase advance between the two is approximately 90$^\circ$.
\begin{figure*}
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics[angle=0]{HPBv3_CoSn}}
\caption{Amplitude functions (left axis; horizontal: solid line;
vertical: dashed line) and horizontal dispersion (right axis;
dotted line) in~m.}
\label{fig:HPB_CoSn}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\resizebox{0.95\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics[angle=0]{HPBv3_phase}}
\caption{Phase advances in~$\mathrm{rad}/(2\pi)$ (horizontal: solid line; vertical: dashed line).}
\label{fig:HPB_phase}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\resizebox{0.95\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics[angle=0]{HPBv3_prof}}
\caption{Beam profiles in~mm for $\emix = \emiy = \q{10}{\mu m}$. Horizontal profiles are shown for both design momentum (solid line) and for a momentum spread $\Delta p / p = 2\%$ (dotted line).}
\label{fig:HPB_prof}
\end{figure*}
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{llcr}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Element} & Location (m) & Field strength \\
\hline
QT1 & Q1 & $0.200$ & \q{+0.185}{T/m} \\
& Q2 & $0.400$ & \q{-0.171}{T/m} \\
& Q3 & $0.600$ & \q{+0.007}{T/m} \\
\hline
D1 & & $1.001$ & \q{19.5}{mT} \\
\hline
QT2 & Q4 & $1.415$ & \q{+0.170}{T/m} \\
& Q5 & $1.615$ & \q{-0.258}{T/m} \\
& Q6 & $1.815$ & \q{+0.226}{T/m} \\
\hline
D2 & & $2.524$ & \q{19.5}{mT} \\
\hline
QT3 & Q7 & $3.261$ & \q{-0.082}{T/m} \\
& Q8 & $3.461$ & \q{-0.047}{T/m} \\
& Q9 & $3.661$ & \q{+0.122}{T/m} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Magnet settings for positrons at \q{1.7}{MeV/c}. Locations refer to the center of the element with respect to the positron production target, along the beamline.}
\label{tab:settings}
\end{table}
The beamline optics was designed using the MAD-X program. Optics for
the positron beamline is shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:HPB_CoSn} (amplitude
functions and horizontal dispersion) and~\ref{fig:HPB_phase} (phase
advances). Beam profiles are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:HPB_prof}. The
magnet settings can be found in Table~\ref{tab:settings}.
\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{llll}
Component & Model & Features & Approx. unit price \\
\hline
Fast current transformer & Bergoz FCT-028 & inner diam. 28-mm & \$2,000 \\
Faraday cup & Radiabeam FARC-02-300 & & \$1,295 \\
Emittance slits & Radiabeam EMTS-\#\#-\#\#\# & custom & \\
Integrated transverse diagnostics & Radiabeam IBIS-02-VAC-OPT & YAG:Ce & \\
Beam position monitors & Bergoz & S-band & \$10,000 (w/readout) \\
X-Y Steerers & Radiabeam STM-02-340-110 & length 30~mm & \$1,250 \\
Microchannel plates & Hamamatsu & & \$3,000 (w/ pow. supply) \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Diagnostic components.}
\label{tab:diag}
\end{table*}
Some diagnostic components will need to be acquired.
A possible set of choices is shown in Table~\ref{tab:diag}.
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{JPOS09} International Workshop on Positrons at Jefferson Lab
(JPOS09), Newport News, Virginia, 25--27 March 2009,
\url{<http://conferences.jlab.org/JPOS09>}.
\bibitem{GEANT4} S.~Golge et al., Simulation of a CW Positron Source
for CEBAF, Proceedings of PAC07, p.~3133,
\url{<http://www.jacow.org>}; J.~Dumas, Design of a High Intensity
Positron Source, Internship Report, LPSC Grenoble, June 2007;
M.~Stancari, private communication.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}