Monte Carlo Binary Collision Approximation

The fission process

The fission axis is defined as the axis along which the fission fragments travel (back-to-back).  neutrons emitted as a result of the fission are observed to follow and angular distribution that has a spherically symmetric component and a component that shows a preference for neutrons to be emitted along the fission axis. Scission neutrons have a spherical angular distribution as the are "evaporated" from the surface of the fission nucleus.  The picture you posted suggests that they are scission neutrons.  Scission neutrons are a small fraction of the neutron emitted in fission (< 35%).  Most of the fission neutrons are ejected by the moving fission fragments.   While the neutrons are thought to be emitted isotropically from the fragment,  the velocity of the fragment skews the angular distribution of the neutrons.  Below is a cartoon of neutron induced fission.  Spontaneous fission would be similar.

U-235

When uranium-235 undergoes fission, the average of the fragment mass is about 118, but it is more probable that the pair will have an unequal distribution in mass. A common pair of fragments from uranium-235 fission is xenon and strontium as shown in the reaction:

[math]^{235}U+n\rightarrow ^{236}U^{*} \rightarrow ^{140}Xe+^{94}Sr+2n[/math]

Nuclear fission of uranium-235 yields an enormous amount of energy from the fact that the fission products have less total mass than the uranium nucleus, a mass change that is converted to energy by the Einstein relationship [math]E=mc^2[/math]. Using the Law of Conservation of Energy, we can look at the total energy before and after the fission to determine how much energy is released in this process.

[math]^{236}_{92}U : 92(938.272\ MeV)+144(939.565\ MeV)\ =\ 221.678\ GeV[/math] [math]^{140}_{54}Xe : 54(938.272\ MeV)+86(939.565\ MeV)\ =\ 131.469\ GeV[/math] [math]^{94}_{38}Sr : 38(938.272\ MeV)+56(939.565\ MeV)\ =\ 88.269\ GeV[/math] [math]3*n : 2(939.565\ MeV)\ =\ 1.879\ GeV[/math] [math]-----------------------------[/math] [math] Energy released=341\ MeV[/math]

The discrepancy in energy comes from the binding energy holding he nuclei together in the Uranium. When this energy is released, it often is primarily in the form of kinetic energy of the fission fragments. When the heavier element, in this case the Xenon, travels at a high velocity due to it's large kinetic energy through material, irradiation damage occurs.

The Binary Collision Approximation is a method of determining irradiated damage to material by simply looking at one collision of the fission fragment per atom a time. Since a common nuclear material is Uranium Oxide, [math]UO_2[/math] we can simulate damage in this material by estimating it has a crystalline lattice structure. This method allows to account for the binding energies needed to remove or displace atoms from their stationary positions.

As the Xenon atom travels through the Uranium Oxide, Uranium and Oxygen atoms are removed from their stationary positions. These atoms can either end up in new positions within the material that were not originally positions held by atoms or replace previously knocked out atoms. These two conditions, referred to as interstitial and replacements are the two possibilities for the atoms after irradiation damage. The original atom positions can also remain empty, creating what are termed vacancies within the lattice. All three conditions are the main descriptions of how materials are damaged by atoms after such an event. My work has focused on building a new model using GEANT4 to update and improve on previous methods used to perform a Binary Collision Approximation.