Forest UCM NLM

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Newton's Laws of Motion

Limits of Classical Mechanic

Classical Mechanics is the formulations of physics developed by Newton (1642-1727), Lagrange(1736-1813), and Hamilton(1805-1865).

It may be used to describe the motion of objects which are not moving at high speeds (0.1c) nor are microscopically small ( 109m).

The laws are formulated in terms of space, time, mass, and force:


Vectors

Vector Notation

A vector is a mathematical construct of ordered elements that represent magnitude and direction simultaneously.

r=xˆi+yˆj+zˆk=(x,y,z)=31riˆei


Vectors satisfy the commutative (order of addition doesn't matter) and associative ( doesn't matter which you add first) properties.


The multiplication of two vectors is not uniquely defined. At least three types of vector products may be defined.

Scalar ( Dot ) product

ab=|a||b|cosθ=a1b1+a2b2+a3b3

Commutative property of scalar product

ab=ba

proof
ab=a1b1+a2b2+a3b3 definition of dot product
a1b1+a2b2+a3b3=b1a1+b2a2+b3a3 comutative property of multiplication
b1a1+b2a2+b3a3=ba definition of dot product
ab=ba

Distributive property of scalar product

a(b+c)=ab+ac

Vector ( Cross ) product

definition
a×b=(a2b3a3b2)ˆe1+(a3b1a1b3)ˆe2+(a1b2a2b1)ˆe3

The vector product of a and b is a third vector c with the following properties.

|c|=|a||b|sinθ
c is to a and b
the right hand rule convention is used to determine the direction of c
physical interpretation
A=|a×b|= area of a parallelogram with vectors a and b forming adjacent edges

NON-Commutative property of vector product

a×b=b×a

proof
ab=a1b1+a2b2+a3b3 definition of dot product
a1b1+a2b2+a3b3=b1a1+b2a2+b3a3 comutative property of multiplication
b1a1+b2a2+b3a3=ba definition of dot product
ab=ba

Distributive property of the vector product

a×(b+c)=a×b+a×c


A third vector product is the tensor direct product.

Space and Time

Space

Cartesian, Spherical, and Cylindrical coordinate systems are commonly used to describe three-dimensional space.

Forest_UCM_NLM_Ch1_CoordSys



Forest_Ugrad_ClassicalMechanics