TF EIM Chapt5

Bipolar Transistor

The Bipolar transistor concept

From the last chapter we saw a p-n junction diode which had similar characteristic current-vs- voltage responses when biased either in the forward direction or backward.

The n-p junction. The depletion region is represented as the shaded square	The potential
The n-p junction. The depletion region is represented as the shaded square. Notice the depletion region (and E-field in that region) is larger than the forward biased n-p juntion	the potential
The n-p junction. The depletion region is represented as the shaded square. Notice the depletion region (and E-field in that region) is larger than the forward biased n-p juntion	the potential

The bottom p-n junction, when forward biased, provides a large current with a small voltage bias.

The top half of the p-n-p transistor is reversed biased, providing a "throttle" for the large current from the lower half.

The electric field points to the "collector" in the depletion region enlarged by the reverse bias. This moves the majority charge carriers away from the collector-base junction. Once outside the depletion zone, the charge carriers rely on diffusion to escape the material.

BIpolar transistor currents

Conservation of Current

[math]\Rightarrow I_E = I_B + I_C[/math]

Here it is the case that the positive current is actually representing the flow of positively charged holes (in non-semi-conductors the current represent the opposite direction of the flowing electrons)

You might think that the base current is larger than the collector current because of the reverse bias on the collector which leads to the base having lower resistance than the collector.

The above is not the case.

The potential [math]V_{BE}[/math] continuously draws electrons out of the emitter thus creating holes in the emitter. These holes diffuse into the base and are in a free-field region until they reach the depletion region between the collector and base.

While in the free-field region of the base they can do one of three things

1. diffuse to the depletion region where they see the electric field and get swept into the collector.
2. recombine with the mobile electrons in the base (the base is n-type material so electrons are the majority charge carriers)
3. re-combine with electrons injected by [math] V_{BE}[/math] into the base through the resistor [math]R_{BE}[/math]

Usually the last two processes are more likely.

BUT if you make the emitter thin enough (less than the mean free path of the holes) then you can have the first process dominate such that most of the holes get swept into the collector.

As a result a large fraction of the current into the emitter ([math]\alpha \sim -.99[/math]) goes into the collector. ([math]I_C = \alpha I_E[/math])

returning to conservation of current

[math]I_E = I_B + I_C[/math]

[math]\left ( \frac{I_C}{\alpha}\right )= I_B + I_C[/math]

[math]\Rightarrow I_B = \frac{1-\alpha}{\alpha} I_C = ( 1- \alpha) I_E[/math]

[math]\Rightarrow I_B \lt \lt I_C \approx I_E[/math]

So small changes in [math]I_B[/math] produce large changes in [math]I_C[/math] (You can control a large current[math] I_C[/math] using a small current [math]I_B[/math])

This is an amplifier!

If you inject a signal into the base then the small changes in the base current will result in large changes in the collector current.

Transistor Physical features

The three layers

A transistor has three semi-conductor payers. The three layers occur in the order of

p-n-p= holes-electron-hole

n-p-n= electron-hole-electron

The three layers are formed from a single crystal such that the doping of the single crystal defines the boundaries. The three layers are not "glued" together.

Base-Emmiter-Collector

Forest_Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurement