Forest UCM NLM

Newton's Laws of Motion

Limits of Classical Mechanic

Classical Mechanics is the formulations of physics developed by Newton (1642-1727), Lagrange(1736-1813), and Hamilton(1805-1865).

It may be used to describe the motion of objects which are not moving at high speeds (0.1$c$) nor are microscopically small ( $10^{-9} m$).

The laws are formulated in terms of space, time, mass, and force:

Space and Time

Space

Cartesian, Spherical, and Cylindrical coordinate systems are commonly used to describe three-dimensional space.

Cartesian

Vector Notation convention:

Position:

$\vec{r} = x \hat{i} + y \hat{j} + z \hat{k} = (x,y,z) = \sum_1^3 r_i \hat{e}_i$

Velocity:

$\vec{v}$ = $\frac{d \vec{r}}{dt}$ = $\frac{d x}{dt}\hat{i} + x\frac{d \hat{i}}{dt} + cdots$

cartesian unit vectors do not change with time (unit vectors for other coordinate system types do)

$\frac{d \hat{i}}{dt} =0 =\frac{d \hat{j}}{dt} =\frac{d \hat{k}}{dt}$

$\vec{v}$ = $\frac{d \vec{r}}{dt}$ = $\frac{d x}{dt}\hat{i} + \frac{d y}{dt}\hat{i} + \frac{d z}{dt}\hat{i}$

Polar

Vector Notation convention:

Position:

Because $\hat{r}$ points in a unique direction we can write the position vector as

$\vec{r} = r \hat{r}$

$\vec{r} \ne r \hat{r} +\phi \hat{\phi}$: $\phi$ does not have the units of length

The unit vectors ($\hat{r}$ and $\hat{\phi}$ ) are changing in time. You could express the position vector in terms of the cartesian unit vectors in order to avoid this

$\vec{r} = r \cos(\phi) \hat{i} + r \sin(\phi)\hat{j}$

The dependence of position with \phi can be seen if you look at how the position changes with.

Velocity:

$\vec{v}$ = $\frac{d \vec{r}}{dt}$ = $\frac{d x}{dt}\hat{i} + x\frac{d \hat{i}}{dt} + cdots$

cartesian unit vectors do not change with time (unit vectors for other coordinate system types do)

$\frac{d \hat{i}}{dt} =0 =\frac{d \hat{j}}{dt} =\frac{d \hat{k}}{dt}$

$\vec{v}$ = $\frac{d \vec{r}}{dt}$ = $\frac{d x}{dt}\hat{i} + \frac{d y}{dt}\hat{i} + \frac{d z}{dt}\hat{i}$

Spherical

Cylindrical

Vectors

Vector ( Cross ) product

Forest_Ugrad_ClassicalMechanics