Forest He-3 Tubes

Thermal neutron capture of He-3 may be represented by the reaction below

[math]n + He^3 \rightarrow p + H^3[/math]

About 764 keV of energy is liberated in this nuclear reaction and distributed between the final products according to their masses. Because the proton is about a factor of 3 lighter than Tritium (H^3) , it will have more kinetic energy by about a factor of 3 (about 573 keV). This liberated proton can ionize other He-3 atoms via the reaction

[math]p+He^3 \rightarrow p + He^3(+) + e^-[/math]

The same proton will ionize several He-3 atoms when dissipating the 573 keV kinetic energy. Once you have the creation of ions, you can construct detectors to collect and measure the electrons.

The Tritium (H^3) can also ionize the gas but due to its higher mass it does not travel as far (shorter range) as the proton and makes a smaller contribution to the ionization signal. Tritium decays to He-3 after about 12 years ( neutron is converted to proton)

[math]H^3 \rightarrow He^3 + e^- + \bar{\nu_e}[/math]

reference: J. W. Leake, "Nuclear Instruments and Methods", Vol. 63, page 329, 1968).

The probability of neutron capture is measured in terms of a cross section. There is a nuclear data base for neutron capture located at LBL. The "free" neutron thermal total cross section ([math]\sigma[/math]) is [math]3.10 \pm 0.13[/math] barns ( 1 barn = [math]10^{-24} cm^2[/math]).

Total cross section is defined as

[math]\sigma \equiv \frac{\# particles\; scattered} {\frac{ \# incident \; particles}{Area}}[/math]

[math]\# protons = \sigma \frac{\# incident particles}{Area}[/math]

[math]= \sigma \rho \times L[/math]

where

[math]\rho[/math] = density of the He-3 target

L = length of the target.

10-atm He-3, 2.54 cm diameter tube, 76 cm long, poly moderator, cadmium metal, Boron loaded shielding.