TF EIMLab3 Writeup

RC Low-pass filter

1-50 kHz filter (20 pnts)

1.)Design a low-pass RC filter with a break point between 1-50 kHz. The break point is the frequency at which the filter starts to attenuate the AC signal. For a Low pass filter, AC signals with a frequency above 1-50 kHz will start to be attenuated (not passed).

[math]\omega_{break} = \frac{1}{RC}[/math]

[math]\Rightarrow R = \frac{1}{\omega_{break} C } = \frac{1}{25 \times 10^{3} \times 9.45 \times 10^{-9}} = 4,233 \Omega[/math]

R	C	[math]\omega_B[/math]	[math]\nu_B[/math]
Ohms	Farads	rad/s	Hz
[math]1 \times 10^{5}[/math]	[math]561 \times 10^{-12}[/math]	17825	2837
[math]96.4 \times 10^{3}[/math]	[math]561 \times 10^{-12}[/math]	18490	2943

2.)Now construct the circuit using a non-polar capacitor. 3.)use a sinusoidal variable frequency oscillator to provide an input voltage to your filter. 4.)Measure the input [math](V_{in})[/math] and output [math](V_{out})[/math] voltages for at least 8 different frequencies[math] (\nu)[/math] which span the frequency range from 1 Hz to 1 MHz.

[math]\nu[/math]	[math]V_{in}[/math]	[math]V_{out}[/math]	[math]\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}}[/math]
Hz	Volts	Volts
50	0.6	0.3
100	0.5	0.18
250	0.5	0.075
500	0.45	0.04
1000	0.4	0.017
2500	0.28	0.005
5056	0.16	0.005

1. Graph the [math]\log \left(\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} \right)[/math] -vs- [math]\log (\nu)[/math]

phase shift (10 pnts)

1. measure the phase shift between [math]V_{in}[/math] and [math]V_{out}[/math]

Questions

1.)compare the theoretical and experimentally measured break frequencies. (5 pnts)

[math]\omega_{break} = \frac{1}{RC} = \frac{1}{400 \times 10^{3} \times 9.45 \times 10^{-9}} = = 2.6 \times 10^{2}[/math]

Theory	Exp	%diff

2.) Calculate and expression for [math]\frac{V_{out}}{ V_{in}}[/math] as a function of [math]\nu[/math], [math]R[/math], and [math]C[/math]. The Gain is defined as the ratio of [math]V_{out}[/math] to [math]V_{in}[/math].(5 pnts)

[math]V - IR -X_CI = =V -(X_R +X_C) I = 0[/math]

[math]\Rightarrow[/math] the capacitor can be added in series with the other resistor

[math]X_{tot} = X_R + X_C[/math]

It looks like the voltage divider from the resistance section

[math]V_{out}= Re\left [\frac{X_C}{R+X_C} V_{in} \right ]= Re \left [\frac{X_C}{X_R+X_C} V_{in} \right ][/math]

To evaluate [math]Re[Z] = \sqrt{Z Z^*}[/math] where[math] Z = x+iy[/math] and [math]Z^* = x-iy[/math]

[math]\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} = Re \left [ \frac{\frac{1}{i \omega C}}{R+\frac{1}{i \omega C}} \right ] = \sqrt{\frac{\frac{1}{i \omega C}}{R+\frac{1}{i \omega C}} \frac{\frac{1}{-i \omega C}}{R+\frac{1}{-i \omega C}} } = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \omega^2 R^2 C^2}}[/math]

Let

[math]\omega_b = \frac{1}{RC} =[/math] break point (cut off ) frequency

then

[math]\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \left ( \frac{\omega}{\omega_b}\right )^2}}[/math]

3.)Sketch the phasor diagram for [math]V_{in}[/math],[math] V_{out}[/math], [math]V_{R}[/math], and [math]V_{C}[/math]. Put the current [math]i[/math] along the real voltage axis. (30 pnts) 4.)Compare the theoretical and experimental value for the phase shift [math]\theta[/math]. (5 pnts) 5.) what is the phase shift [math]\theta[/math] for a DC input and a very-high frequency input?(5 pnts) 6.) calculate and expression for the phase shift [math]\theta[/math] as a function of [math]\nu[/math], [math]R[/math], [math]C[/math] and graph [math]\theta[/math] -vs [math]\nu[/math]. (20 pnts)

Forest_Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurement