Difference between revisions of "Forest UCM Osc Damped"
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=1-D Damped Oscillations= | =1-D Damped Oscillations= | ||
+ | |||
+ | An example of a damped oscillator is the case of a mass attached to a spring with one end fixed. The block slide on top of a table and feels a frictional force from the table. | ||
+ | |||
==Newton's 2nd Law== | ==Newton's 2nd Law== | ||
− | As in the case of air resistance, assume there | + | As in the case of air resistance, it was assume that there was a frictional force proportional to the velocity of the oscillation body. The same assumption is made for a block oscillating via a spring with friction between the block and the table top. |
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− | + | The second order differential equation has changed into two first order differential equations | |
:<math> \left ( \frac{d}{dt} + \beta + \sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} \right ) x = 0 </math> | :<math> \left ( \frac{d}{dt} + \beta + \sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} \right ) x = 0 </math> | ||
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In this case the term | In this case the term | ||
− | : <math>\sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} =\sqrt{(-1)(\omega^2_0- \beta^2 } = i \sqrt{\omega^2_0- \beta^2 } \ | + | : <math>\sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} =\sqrt{(-1)(\omega^2_0- \beta^2 } = i \sqrt{\omega^2_0- \beta^2 } \equiv i \omega_1</math> |
+ | |||
− | |||
:<math> x= \left ( C_1 e^{ \sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} t} + C_2 e^{ -\sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} t} \right) e^{- \beta t} </math> | :<math> x= \left ( C_1 e^{ \sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} t} + C_2 e^{ -\sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} t} \right) e^{- \beta t} </math> | ||
+ | ::<math> = \left ( C_1 e^{i\omega_1 t} + C_2 e^{ -i\omega_1t} \right) e^{- \beta t} </math> | ||
+ | ::<math> = Ae^{- \beta t} \cos(\omega_1 t -\delta) </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | There are two terms above, the first term is an exponential decay and the second is the usual harmonic oscilator. | ||
+ | |||
+ | They combine to produce oscillations whoase amplitudes decay with time. | ||
==Over damped Oscillator== | ==Over damped Oscillator== | ||
:<math>\beta > \omega_0</math> | :<math>\beta > \omega_0</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | :<math> x= \left ( C_1 e^{ \sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} t} + C_2 e^{ -\sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} t} \right) e^{- \beta t} </math> | ||
+ | ::<math> = \left ( C_1 e^{ \left (-\beta +\sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} \right ) t} + C_2 e^{ \left (-\beta-\sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0}\right )t} \right) </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | For the overdamped case you have two exponentials with negative exponents | ||
+ | |||
+ | :<math>-\beta + \sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} < 0 </math> | ||
==Critically damped Oscillator== | ==Critically damped Oscillator== | ||
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:<math>\beta = \omega_0</math> | :<math>\beta = \omega_0</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | :<math> x= \left ( C_1 e^{ \sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} t} + C_2 e^{ -\sqrt{\beta^2 -\omega^2_0} t} \right) e^{- \beta t} </math> | ||
+ | ::<math> = A e^{- \beta t} </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | In this case the method of using the auxilary equation has yielded two identical solutions. A second solution should exist. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Problem 5.21 and 5.24 | ||
+ | |||
+ | :<math> x= C_1 e^{- \beta t} +C_1 t e^{- \beta t} </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Physics Example; The LRC circuit== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | An electrical circuit composed of an inductor <math>(L)</math> , a resister <math>(R)</math>, and a capacitor <math>(C)</math> is known as an LRC circuit. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The resistor in the circuit serves to simply resists the movement of charge through the circuit ( analogous to friction; causing energy to leave the system in teh form of heat) such that the voltage drop accross the resistor is given by | ||
+ | |||
+ | :<math>V= R \dot q</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The capacitor in the ciruit plays role of storing charge ( like a spring stores energy) such that it become harder to store charge on the capacitor as you increase the amount of charge you try to store in it. The voltage drop across a capacitor is given by | ||
+ | |||
+ | : <math>V = \frac{C}{q}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | An Inductor trys to resist the change in the rate that the current moves around the system (like inertia; produce by inducing a reverse EMF). The voltage drop across an inductor is given by | ||
+ | |||
+ | :<math>V = L \ddot q</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | If you apply conservation of energy (potential) by traversing the circuit in a complete loop (Kirchoff's 2nd law) then you can write the conservation law as | ||
+ | |||
+ | : <math>L \ddot q + R \dot q + \frac{1}{C} q = 0</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The above differential equation has the same form as the damped oscillator differential equation where | ||
+ | |||
+ | : <math>2\beta = \frac{R}{L}</math> and <math> \omega_0^2 = \frac{1}{LC}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Energy == | ||
+ | |||
+ | A damped oscillator is a system that is loosing energy as a function of time ( energy is leaving the system usually in the form of heat). The system starts out with a total energy at time <math>t=0</math> of <math>E(0)</math>. A frictional force exists causing the system to do work <math>(W_f)</math> and thereby lose energy. | ||
+ | |||
+ | :<math>E(t) = E(0) + W_f</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | The dissipative force may be represented based on the general form of the differential equation as: | ||
+ | |||
+ | :<math>F=-2\beta \dot x</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The work done by this force is given as | ||
+ | :<math>W_f = \int (-2\beta \dot x) dx = -2 \beta \int \dot x \frac{dx}{dt} dt = - 2 \beta \int v^2 dt</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | for the case of an underdamped oscillator | ||
+ | |||
+ | :<math>\beta < \omega_0</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | :<math> x= Ae^{- \beta t} \cos(\omega_1 t -\delta) </math> | ||
+ | :<math> v=\dot x = -\omega_1 Ae^{- \beta t} \left [ \frac{\beta}{\omega_1} \cos(\omega_1 t -\delta) + \sin(\omega_1 t -\delta)\right ] </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The rate of energy loss is then given by | ||
+ | :<math> \frac{dE}{dt} = \frac{W_f}{dt} = -2\beta v^2</math> | ||
[[Forest_UCM_Osc#Damped_Oscillations]] | [[Forest_UCM_Osc#Damped_Oscillations]] |
Latest revision as of 23:12, 14 October 2021
1-D Damped Oscillations
An example of a damped oscillator is the case of a mass attached to a spring with one end fixed. The block slide on top of a table and feels a frictional force from the table.
Newton's 2nd Law
As in the case of air resistance, it was assume that there was a frictional force proportional to the velocity of the oscillation body. The same assumption is made for a block oscillating via a spring with friction between the block and the table top.
- : in 1-D
or
or
let
- undamped oscillation frequency
- damping constant
then
Solve for the Equation of Motion
As see in section Forest_UCM_Osc_SHM#Equation_of_motion, you can determine solutions to the above by writing the analogous auxilary equation:
Setting the term in parentheses to zero and using the quadratic formula
The second order differential equation has changed into two first order differential equations
constructing a complete solution from the two solutions (orthogonal functions) above.
Undamped oscillator
If
= 0Then
- Forest_UCM_Osc_SHM#Equation_of_motion the SHM solution derived before at
Under damped Oscillator
In this case the term
There are two terms above, the first term is an exponential decay and the second is the usual harmonic oscilator.
They combine to produce oscillations whoase amplitudes decay with time.
Over damped Oscillator
For the overdamped case you have two exponentials with negative exponents
Critically damped Oscillator
In this case the method of using the auxilary equation has yielded two identical solutions. A second solution should exist.
Problem 5.21 and 5.24
Physics Example; The LRC circuit
An electrical circuit composed of an inductor
, a resister , and a capacitor is known as an LRC circuit.The resistor in the circuit serves to simply resists the movement of charge through the circuit ( analogous to friction; causing energy to leave the system in teh form of heat) such that the voltage drop accross the resistor is given by
The capacitor in the ciruit plays role of storing charge ( like a spring stores energy) such that it become harder to store charge on the capacitor as you increase the amount of charge you try to store in it. The voltage drop across a capacitor is given by
An Inductor trys to resist the change in the rate that the current moves around the system (like inertia; produce by inducing a reverse EMF). The voltage drop across an inductor is given by
If you apply conservation of energy (potential) by traversing the circuit in a complete loop (Kirchoff's 2nd law) then you can write the conservation law as
The above differential equation has the same form as the damped oscillator differential equation where
- and
Energy
A damped oscillator is a system that is loosing energy as a function of time ( energy is leaving the system usually in the form of heat). The system starts out with a total energy at time
of . A frictional force exists causing the system to do work and thereby lose energy.
The dissipative force may be represented based on the general form of the differential equation as:
The work done by this force is given as
for the case of an underdamped oscillator
The rate of energy loss is then given by