4-gradient

From the use of the Minkowski metric, converting between contravariant and covariant

[math]\mathbf x_{\mu} \equiv \eta_{\mu}^{\mu} \mathbf x^{\mu}[/math]

Where we have already defined the covariant term,

[math]\mathbf{x_{\mu}}= \begin{bmatrix} x_0 & -x_1 & -x_2 & -x_3 \end{bmatrix}[/math]

and the contravariant term

[math]\mathbf{x^{\mu}}= \begin{bmatrix} x^0 \\ x^1 \\ x^2 \\ x^3 \end{bmatrix} [/math]

Following the rules of matrix multiplication this implies that the derivative with respect to a contravariant coordinate transforms as a covariant 4-vector, and the derivative with respect to a covariant coordinate transforms as a contravariant vector.

[math]\partial_{\mu}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x^{\mu}}[/math]

[math]\mathbf \partial_\mu \equiv \Biggl [ \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\quad \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\quad \frac{\partial}{\partial y}\quad \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\Biggr ]=\Biggl [\frac{\partial}{\partial x^0}\quad \frac{\partial}{\partial x^1}\quad \frac{\partial}{\partial x^2}\quad \frac{\partial}{\partial x^3}\Biggr ][/math]

[math]\partial^{\mu}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{\mu}}[/math]

[math]\mathbf \partial^\mu \equiv \mathbf{x^{\mu}}= \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_0} \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x_1} \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x_2} \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x_3} \end{bmatrix} [/math]