Abdehait: /* alpha calibration */

[[HM_2014]]

[[2012]]

[[2011]]

[[2010]]

[[2009]]

=Dissertation=

Measurements and conclusion

[[File:meas_conc.pdf]]

=alpha calibration=

[[File:ch_alphaE.png | 150px]]

[[File:Raw_data_all.pdf]]

The main peaks are for the following channel numbers,

You need to redo these plots in publication quality with proper axis labels containing units.

[[File:ch_alphap1.png | 150px]]
[[File:ch_alphap2.png | 150px]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|channel Number|| Energy Upper limit (MeV)|| Energy lower limit (MeV)|| average energy (MeV)|| Notes
|-
| 4828 || 4.90 || 4.79 || 4.85 +_ 0.02 ||
|-
| 4869 || 4.94 || 4.83 || 4.88 +_ 0.02 ||
|}

=Gamma Spectrum for U-233=

[[File:gamma_spect.png | 150px]]

= Last runs=

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
|9005 || 05/15 15:00 || 05/16 10:55 || || open || off || 50 ||
|-
|9006 || 05/16 10:57 || 05/17 22:18 || || open || on || 48||
|-
|9007 || 05/17 22:23 || 05/18 19:20 || || closed || on || 30 ||
|-
|9008 || 05/18 21:46 || 05/19 19:59 || || closed || off || 30 || high beta effect
|-
|9010 || 05/21 23:23 || 05/22 10:00 || || closed || off || 30 || high beta effect
|-
|9023 || 05/26 13:06 || 05/26 13:17|| 11 || open || off || 87 || GEM2.9kV 3.6kV
|-
|9024 || 05/26 13:20 || 05/26 13:27|| 7 || closed || off || 26 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV (beta effect decreased)
|-
|9032 || 06/13 12:35 || 06/13 12:45|| 10 || open || off || 87 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV (ISU power shutdown)
|-
|9033 || 06/13 12:35 || 06/13 12:45|| 10 || closed || off || 26 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9034 || 06/15 20:55 || 06/15 21:05|| 10 || open || off || 45 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9035 || 06/15 21:06 || 06/13 21:16|| 10 || closed || off || 27 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9036 || 06/17 14:48 || 06/17 14:58|| 10 || closed || off || 28 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9037 || 06/17 14:59 || 06/17 14:09|| 10 || open || off || 28 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|}

The charge spectrum returned to were it was before the neutron exposure after 29 days for closed shutter.

=QDC TDC PS-ADC setup=

;Peak sensing gate

[[File: GEM_PS_gate.png | 300 px]]

;QDC gate

[[File: GEM_QDC_gate.png | 300 px]]

;TDC start

[[File: TDC_pulser.png | 300 px]]

;TDC STOP

[[File: TDC_GEM.png | 300 px]]

;QDC shows a difference

[[File: QDC_source_on_off_7724_7726.png | 300 px]]

=Measurements of the frequently used gas mixture 90/10 Ar/CO2 for the second peak =

;Changes from the former set up

# Using the eG&G timing filter amp. 474 instead of the spectroscopic amp. to amplify the input for the peak sensing ADC.
#Gate of a width of 4us has been delyed to track the second peak, as a result part of output spectrum is lost except for the delayed part within the gate width as shown in the figures below:

;Lost

[[File: PS_l1.png | 300 px]]

;Detected

[[File: PS_d1.png | 300 px]][[File: PS_d2.png | 300 px]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||Date || start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
|7435 || 08/24/14|| 19:30:48 || 19:55:32 || || open || on || 400 || a peak is noticed on channel 400
|-
|7436 || 08/24/14|| 19:59:05 || 20:40:11 || || open || off || 216 || the peak disappeared
|-
|7438 || 08/24/14|| 19:59:05 || 10:00:00 || || open || on || 0.0146 || triple coin., high noise, max. is ch 355
|-
|7444 || 08/25/14|| 21:17:25 || 21:20:35|| || open || on || 230 || gate delay 700 ns, peak disappeared [[File: gate delay700ns.png | 300 px]]
|-
|7446 || 08/25/14|| 21:29:51|| 21:38:55 || || open || off || 185 || does not count for P_B. peak disappeared
|-

|}

[[File: shutteropen_sourceon_off.png | 300 px]]

= unknown gas mixed bottle measurements=

; Updates

Changing the leading edge disc. to understand the Peak sensing and explain the cut int he peak sensing graph.

Measuring the noise. by starting by low signal rate to distinguish the signal from the noise.

; Channels and signals

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|device|| ch || input source
|-
| ADC || 5 || GEM's trigout
|-
| Peak sensing 7|| 15 || GEM's trigout
|-
| Peak sensing 5 || 11 || PMT Left
|-
| Peak sensing 8|| 17 || PMT right
|-
|PS translator ||
|-
|TDC || 25 || PMT L

|-
|TDC|| 27 || GEM's trigout
|-
| TDC || 29 || PMT R
|-
| TDC || 31 (Stopper) || triple coincidence (OR Mode)
|-
|CAEN N638
|-
|TDC || 17 || PMT L
|-
|TDC B2|| 18|| GEM's trigout multi-hit
|-
|TDC B6|| 22|| GEM's B_p
|-
| TDC || 21 || PMT R
|-
| TDC 6 || 30 (pulser) || triple coincidence (OR Mode)
|-
|TDC 7 || 23|| delayed GEM's trigout
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||Date || start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
| 7273|| 08/06/14 || 07:10:38 || 11:41:00 || 12502 || open || off || 67 || 0.1 flow rate

|-
| 7274|| 08/06/14 || 11:49:35 || 18:15:01 || 23126 || closed || off || 39 || 0.1 flow rate

|-
| 7275|| 08/06/14 || 20:37:07 || 09:10:10|| || closed || off || 40 || 0.2 flow rate
|-
| 7276|| 08/06/14 || 09:15:00 || 09:32:00|| || open || off || 80 || 0.2 flow rate amplification increases from 50 to 100
|-
| 7277|| 08/06/14 || 09:33:08 || 11:40:42|| 7654 || open || off || 81 || 0.2
|-
| 7295|| 08/08/14 || 17:36:58 || 19:55:59|| 4741 || closed || off || 60 || 0.2

|-
| 7296|| 08/08/14 || 22:28:01 || 23:43:14|| || closed || off || 58 || 0.3
|-
| 7297|| 08/08/14 || 23:48:14|| 12:08:00 || 37186|| open || off || 93 || 0.3
|-
| 7298|| 08/09/14 || 00:16:14|| 06:08:03 ||21109 ||closed || off || 56 || 0.3

|-
| 7299|| 08/10/14 || 19:27:12|| 20:09:04 || 2152||closed || on || 107 || 0.1

|-
| 7300|| 08/10/14 || 20:11:30|| 20:46:29 ||2099 ||open || on || 136 || 0.1

|-
| 7302|| 08/11/14 || 06:53:14|| 07:22:45 || 1771||closed || on || 114 || 0.2

|-
| 7303|| 08/11/14 || 07:26:58|| 07:48:01 || 1263||open || on || 167 || 0.2

|-
| 7305|| 08/11/14 || 13:21:16|| 13:55:05 || 2029||open || on || 178 || 0.3

|-
| 7306|| 08/11/14 || 14:41:00|| 15:40:00 || 3540||closed || on || 110 || 0.3

|-
| 7307|| 08/14/14 || 08:14:15|| 08:20:39 || 384||closed || off || || 0.1 noise measurements (pulser only)
|-
| 7308|| 08/14/14 || 08:22:43|| 08:29:23 || ||open || off || 1314 || 0.1 noise measurements (pulser only) same noise level as shutter closed (ch. 86) for Peak sensing ADC
|-
| 7309|| 08/14/14 || 08:35:09 || 09:45:37 || 4229 || open || off || || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.
|-
| 7310|| 08/14/14 || 09:46:12 || 11:18:39 || 5547 || open || off || 54 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7311|| 08/14/14 || 11:19:45 || 13:01:57 || 6132 || open || off || 52 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7312|| 08/14/14 || 13:10:50 || 14:28:07|| 4637 || open || off || 72 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7313|| 08/14/14 || 14:30:24|| 15:38: 48|| 4056 || open || off || 80 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7314|| 08/14/14 || 15:41: 52|| 16:46:55 || 3897|| open || on || 147 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7315|| 08/14/14 || 16:49: 59|| 19:14:30 ||8729|| open || on || 148 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7316|| 08/14/14 || 19:18:43 || 22:14:07 ||10596 || open || on ||147 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7317|| 08/14/14 || 22:18:24 || 10:18:52 || 43220|| open || on || 0.0095|| 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|-
| 7318|| 08/15/14 || 10:24:00 || 12:42:23 || 8303|| open || on || 147 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7319|| 08/15/14 || 12:46:14 || 15:46:09 || 10795|| open || on || 148 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7323|| 08/15-16/14 || 16:59:39 || 06:03:11 || 46970|| open || off || 0.0011 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
| 7329|| 08/16/14 || 07:06:32 || 10:35:35 || 12543|| open || off || 83 || 0.1 flow rate, PMT's charge is measured for L and R
|-
| 7330|| 08/16/14 || 10:41:58 || 12:48:33 || 7595 || open || on || 146 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7331|| 08/16-17/14 || 12:52:07 || 06:45:03 || 64384 || open || off || 0.0016 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence, coda counted 111 but the data file is empty!
|-
| 7332|| 08/17/14 || 06:52:26 || 07:04:45|| 739 || open || on || 1367 || 0.1 flow rate noise measurements with the wave generator
|-
| 7333|| 08/17/14 || 07:05:50 || 08:53:54 || || open || on || 155 || 0.1 flow rate
|-

| 7334|| 08/17/14 || 08:57:02 || 13:13:38 || || open || off || 82 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7337|| 08/17/14 || 14:17:24 || 14:30:29|| || open || on || 1400 || 0.1 flow rate, GEM 2.92 kV , CATH 3.47kV(+50V), noise measurements with the wave generator
|-
|7338|| 08/17/14 || 14:31:37|| 16:17:45|| || open || on || 163 || 0.1 flow rate
|-

|7339|| 08/17/14 || 16:20:25|| 16:35:45 || || open || off || 1368 || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurements with the wave generator
|-

|7340|| 08/17/14 || 16:37:01 || 20:33:04|| || open || off || 95 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7341|| 08/17-18/14 || 20:40:16|| 06:18:43 || || open || off || 0.0015 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|7342|| 08/18/14 || 06:25:44 || 06:37:43 || || open || on || 1403 || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurements
|-
|7345|| 08/18/14 || 06:39:23 || 14:17:58 || || open || on ||0.0128 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|7355|| 08/18/14 || 16:03:29 || 19:59:51|| || open || off || 75 || 0.1 flow rate, EM 2.82 kV , CATH 3.37kV(-50V), CAEN translator is used
|-
|7356|| 08/18/14 || 20:03:05|| 20:07:58 || || open || on || 2k || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurement
|-
|7357|| 08/18/14 || 20:08:43 || 22:48:22 |||| open || on || 142 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7358|| 08/18-19/14 || 22:53:13 || 10:52:44|| || open || on || 0.0082 || 0.1 flow rate , triple coincidence
|-
|7359|| 08/19/14 || 10:55:49|| 10:59:52 || || open || on || 2.1k || 0.1 flow rate , noise measurement
|-

|7360|| 08/19/14 || 11:00:38|| 14:26:38|| || open || on || 156|| 0.1 flow rate noise measurement with 1 Hz sampling
|-
|7361|| 08/19/14 || 14:40:49||18:25:00 || open || on || 0 || 0.1 flow rate with 1 Hz sampling (AND gate)
|-
|7362|| 08/19/14 || 18:33:15|| 18:38:54|| ||open || on ||1.5k || 0.1 flow rate triple coinc.(OR)
|-
|7363|| 08/19-20/14 || 18:39:46|| 13:39:45|| ||open || on ||0.0081 || 0.1 flow rate triple coinc.(OR)
|-
|7364|| 08/20/14 || 13:44:56|| 13:50:57 || ||open || off || 1.55k || 0.1 flow rate noise measurements, 2.87, 3.42kV for GEM and CATH
|-
|7367|| 08/20/14 || 15:08:27 || 16:49:37 || ||open || off || 86 || 0.1 flow rate, 2.87, 3.42kV for GEM and CATH
|-
|7368|| 08/20/14 || 16:53:42|| 17:15:49|| ||open || on || 154 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7369|| 08/20/14 || 17:17:39|| 20:28:43|| ||open || off || 86 || 0.1 flow rate, spec. amplifier decreased from 100 to 50
|-
|7479|| 08/27/14 || 10:02:21|| 10:42:09|| ||open || on || 64 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7480|| 08/27/14 || 10:46:18|| 14:17:22 || ||open || off || 11 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7481|| 08/27/14 || 14:19:33 || 14:43:39 || ||close || on || 78 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7488|| 08/27/14 || 16:16:37 || 16:48:53 || || open|| on || 86 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7491|| 08/27/14 || 18:09:27 || 18:59:05 || || open|| on || 86 || 0.1 flow rate,
|}

==Peak sensing measurements by 08/28/14==

Peak sensning measurements for GEM were recorded in the time between 8:00 am to 9:44am for shutter open as the following

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Source On|| Source Off
|-
|7507 || 7506
|-
|7509 || 7508
|-

|7511 || 7510
|-
|7513 || 7512
|-

|7515 || 7514
|-
|7517 || 7516
|-

|7519 || 7518
|-
|7521 || 7520
|}

[[File:unknownbootle_measurements_06_13.png | 300px]][[File:unknownbootle_measurements_14_21.png | 300px ]]

Different output for each run when Peak sensing is used to measure the charge, what is noticed that the charge is different from one run to another, but all the runs show that the amount of charge collected is bigger when the shutter is open with the source on it except for run 7511. By comparing all the runs, As the shutter is open, the maximum charge is collected by channel number 800, as the source is on the detector, the collected charge reached up to channel 1000 at most.

Measuring the data started by 8 am, the noise rate increased so it increased the event rate from 30s to 80s event/s, and it did not decrease until now (Thur. 15:36 08/28/14). all module wiring were checked but without any result. I am using the 90/10 Ar/CO2 bottle as hope to take some measurements but when the noise level goes down maybe this evening to repeat the same measuremnts.

The following reference shows a change in collected charge as the tenperature changes <ref>"Discrimination of nuclear recoils from alpha particles with superheated liquids" F Aubin et al 2008 New J. Phys. 10 103017 </ref>

[[File:temp_signal_effect.jpg | 300px]]

=Flow rate and figures=

;03 flow rate

[[File: 03_sourceOn.png | 450 px]]
[[File: 03_sourceoff.png | 450 px]]
[[File: 03_openOn_off_sub.png | 450 px]]
;02 flow rate

[[File: 02_sourceOn.png | 150 px]]
[[File:02_sourceoff.png | 150 px]]
[[File: 02_openOn_off_sub.png | 150 px]]

01 flow rate

[[File: 01_sourceOn.png | 150 px]]
[[File:01_sourceoff.png | 150 px]]

= Common Start Common Stop exchange=

Edit the file

cd /usr/local/coda/2.5/readoutlist/v1495trigPAT/

as the following:

for common start comment:
/* c775CommonStop(TDC_ID);

for common stop uncomment:
c775CommonStop(TDC_ID);

=Ionization xsections for different particles emitted from U-233=

; Photons

[[File: photoabosorption_Ar.png | 150 px]]
[[File: photoabosorption_CO2.png | 150 px]]
[[File: photoabosorption_Ar_CO2.png | 150 px]]

Ref. : http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Xcom/html/xcom1.html

;Electrons

[[File: electron_ion_Ar.png | 150 px]]

Ref. :

Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 (1993) 75 [[File: electron_ionization_Ar.pdf]]

;Alpha Particles

[[File: alpha_ionization.png | 150 px]]

Ref. :

http://www.exphys.jku.at/Kshells/

Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 (1993) 75

=Coincidence Measurements for GEM and the Plastic scintillator=

;Coincidence Measurement for the scintillator PMT's without shielding and without source

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Date || Time || No. of Counts (counts)|| Count rate (counts/min)
|-
|07/09/14 || 1066 || 659005 || 618
|-
|07/10/14 || 538 || 368974 || 686
|-

|}

;Triple coincidence Measurement for the scintillator PMT's shielded and without source

Triple coincidence among the 2 PMT's and the GEM detector is measured using coincidence module caberra 2144 and ortec 778 counter, count rate is 0.3+_ 0.03 Hz. However, the rate was zero before shielding.

The following pics show The GEM output with triple coincidence signal, it is observed that different GEM peaks coincide with the triple signal, which shows that adding the shielding contaminates the neutron signal.

[[File: GEM_triple_smallpeak.png | 150 px]]
[[File: GEM_triple_bigpeak.png | 150 px]]
[[File: GEM_triple_twopeaks.png | 150 px]]

=Coincidence Measurements for the Plastic scintillator after shielding=

; Without source

The plastic scintillator count rate before shielding and without source was in average 12 +_ 1 Hz, lead is added to the GEM and to the plastic scintillator which did not change the rate of the coincidence for the plastic scintillator . Neither closing the box door with lead nor adding lead to the top of the box did make any change in the number of counts for the plastic scintillator.

;With a source

=Background count rate=

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Date || Time || PSD_e (counts)|| PSD_e (counts/min) || LED (low disctrinimation)(counts)||LED (low disctrinimation)(counts/min)|| LED (high disctrinimation) (counts)|| LED (high disctrinimation) (counts/min)
|-
|07/01/14 || 1166 || 56671 || 49 || 2936748 || 2519 || 10 || 0.009
|-
|07/01/14 || 231 || 10529 || || 572657 || || 1542 ||

|}

= data graphs=

;<math>S_{HLE}</math>

[[File: B_pdaily_counts.png | 150 px]]

The above graph represents the change in the count rate of B_p, as the shutter is open (green) and as it is closed (red), the error bars get smaller since each point represents the average of two sets of daily measurements, in addition to, changing the PS discriminator's level after the second measurement.

;<math>S_{PSD}</math>

[[File: S_pdaily_counts.png | 150 px]]

The above graph has the same legend as the one for B_p, error bars increase for some data when the shutter is open, since one or more of the daily measurements has a higher number of counts because of U-233(4)'s spentaneous fission. (the number of counts is close to the number of counts as the shutter is open and the source is on).

Small=<math>S_{PSD} - S_{PSDE}</math>

=Testing GEM Experiment test 10/23/13=

The GEM detector was tested for signal and discharge as the voltage of the cathode and HV-circuit divider is 3.3 kV and 2.7 kV successively.

The GEM detector signal is observed as it used to work before. the pictures below show the signal detected as the shutter is open and as it is close.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| shutter close || [[File: GEM_close_1.png | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close_2.png | 40 px]]
|-
| shutter open || [[ File:GEM_open_1.png | 40 px ]]|| [[File: GEM_open_2.png | 40 px]] || [[File: GEM_open_3.png | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_open_4.png | 40 px]]
|}

=THGEM#9 Counting Experiment test 1/4/13=

[[THGEM#9 Counting Experiment]]

=GEM HV-divider circuit=

GEM HV-divider circuit in shown in the figure, measurements were recorded for for top and bottom voltage of each preamplifier.

<center>[[Image:GEM_HV_Dist_Net.jpg | 100px]]</center>

The table below shows value of the voltage on each preamplifier's side relative to ground.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| <math> V_{source} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G1T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G1B} \pm 1 </math>|| <math> \Delta V_1 \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G2T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G2B} \pm 1 </math>|| <math> \Delta V_2 \pm 1</math> || <math> V_{G3T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G3B} \pm 1 </math> || <math> \Delta V_3 \pm 1 </math>
|-
| 2550 || 2579 || 2259 ||304 || 1671|| 1394 || 279 || 818|| 570 ||245
|-
| 2600 || 2630 || 2303 ||310 || 1704|| 1421 || 285 ||834|| 581 || 250
|-
| 2650 || 2680 || 2348 || 316|| 1737|| 1449 || 290 || 850|| 592 || 255
|-
| 2700 || 2731 || 2393 ||322 || 1770|| 1476 ||296 ||866|| 603 || 260
|-
| 2750 || 2781 || 2373|| 328 || 1803|| 1503 || 302 ||882|| 614 ||264
|-
| 2800 || 2832 || 2482|| 332 || 1836|| 1530|| 307 || 898|| 625 || 269

|}

The source voltage means the voltage value on the 4-channel CAEN N470 display. (suppose to be equal to the voltage of the top GEM1).

the values are going to be an input for ANSYS which is going to simulate the electric field for each source voltage separately, ANSYS' output files will be an input for Garfield to simulate the electron multiplication by the triple GEM.

= GEM alpha-Beta detector counter=
[[GEM Alpha-Beta detector counter]]

=GEM gain data graphs and GEM Calibration in LDS=

==GEM Detector==

[[GEM performance QDC data graphs]]

[[Calibrating GEM detector]]

==Electronics Flow Chart==

[[File:LDS_electronics_flow_chart.png |200px]]

==GEM Detector and Scintillator==

[[GEM and Sci. data and measuurements]]

=GEM gain data graphs and GEM Calibration at the IAC=

Haitham may only alter the QDC's dual timer and a CFD for the QDC in the IAC DAQ.

Haitham may only add signals to the NIM->ECL translator

Haitham is not allowed to change any cables that are used for the PAA setup

;Summary

The detector is installed in the IAC after modifications took place in the detector design.

These modifications are:

1- The detector kipton window's area increased to the same size of the GEM cards( 10X10 cm)

2- The distance of the cathode from the first GEM increased up to 1.2 cm. previously the distance was about 3.5 mm. (No change in GEM's distances 2.8mm, or the readout 0.5 mm)

Increasing the drift distance demands an increase in cathode potential to maintain the same values of the electric field in the old setup.

3- The detector is installed in a wooden box, in addition to a plastic scintillator which was placed to cover part of the detector window.

[[GEM performance data graphs]]

==Electronics Flow Chart==

[[File:IAC_electronics_flow_chart.png |200px]]

[[File:IAC_n.png |200px]]

=U-233 fission x-section data and fission yield=

[[File:U-233_fissionxsection_0.01-100MeV.gif |200px]]
[[File:U-233_fissionxsection_fullenergyrange.gif |200px]]

[[File:U-233_fissionxyield_percent.png |200px]]

== What is the energy distribution of Beta, Photon and alpha from U-233==

===Alpha ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| nuclide || Energy (MeV)
|-
| Pb-213 || 8.4
|-
| Bi-213 || 5.9
|-
|At-217 ||6.3
|-
|Fr-221 || 6.3
|-
|Th-229 || 4.85 (alpha spectrum, highest counts for is 4.85 MeV)
|}

===Gamma===

Gamma distribution for U-233 and its daughters are in metioned in details in the documents , [[File:u233_day_gamma.pdf]] <ref>http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/gamma_spectra , Wed. 04/10/2013</ref>

The energy range of the emitted gamma is shown in the following table .

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| nuclide || Energy Minimum || Energy Maximum (keV)
|-|
| U-233 || 25 || 1,119
|-
| Ra-225 || 40 || 40
|-
|Ac-225 || 10.5 || 758.9
|-
|Fr-221 || 96.8 || 410.7
|-
|At-217 || 140 || 593.1
|-
|Bi-213 || 323.81 || 1,119.4 
|}

===Beta===

Beta particles are emitted mainly from U-233 daughters as shown in the figure <ref> http://itu.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php?id=204, Wed. 04/10/2013 </ref>

[[File:U-233_decay_beta_energy.jpg |200px]]

U-233 -> Th-229, emitted alpha particles have energy of 4.8 MeV.

Insert energy distribution for Betas

The following table shows the negative beta emitter nuclides,their parent nuclides, and their half lives:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Nuclides || energy (MeV) || half life
|-
| <math>Ra^{225} \rightarrow Ac^{225}</math> ||0.357 || 14d.
|-
|<math>Bi^{213} \rightarrow Po^{213}</math> || 1.426 || 46min.
|-
|<math>Tl^{209} \rightarrow Pb^{209}</math> || 1.981 || 2.2 min.
|-
|<math>Pb^{209} \rightarrow Bi^{209}</math> || 0.644 || 3.25h
|-
|<math>Bi^{209}</math> || 1.893 || stable
|}

==What is the energy distribution after the 1 mm FR4 shutter==

=== electron shutter penetration===

The energy distribution below represents the incidence electron on a 1 mm FR4 shutter.

[[File:E_spectrum.png |90 px]]

graph of electron energy for electron penetrating shutter (did any not penetrate?, how many?)

photons below were produced by above incident electron?
The energy distribution of photons was observed on the opposite side of the shutter

[[File:Photon_spectrum.png |90 px]]

Electrons (with least energy from U-233= 0.2 MeV) pass through the shutter have the energy distribution below.

===alpha shutter penetration===

===photons===

== Number of ions produced from Beta and Photon in ArCo2==

EMTest10 is used to calculate the average number of ions (electrons) when a 101 beta of 1 MeV are fired in a world that contains ArCO2. (13.5 per primary electron).

[[File:SecondaryElectron_Energy_1Mevbeta.png |90 px]]

= The needed time to observe the GEM signal=

In the case of triple GEM detector with a gas flow of 0.3 SCFH and 2650V and 2950V on GEM cards and cathode successively, a signal lower than the noise (of 16 mV and amplified twice) is observed at 770.0s +/- 0.1.

The normal rate (8 MHz +/- 2 as measured by the oscilloscope) is observed after 952.9s +/- 0.1.

=THGEM card tasks and tests=

;New THGEM cards:

Two new fully machined cards are going to be tested in air and ArCH4, if they passes 2000 V potential bwtween the top and the bottom, then they are going to be installed in ArCh4 gas chamber.

The older THGEM cards will have a high voltage enough to have one spark/min to clean impurities or surface defects.

=GEM Signal after the latest modification on the fission chamber 07/01/13=

The signal of the detector is observed as the shutter is open and close.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| shutter close || [[File: GEM_close.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close1.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close2.jpg | 40 px]] || [[File: GEM_open.jpg | 40 px]]
|-
| shutter open || [[ File:GEM_open_7_1.jpg | 40 px ]]

|}

=GEM's signal testing when it a long cable is used=

The GEM signal is tested when a long cable is used to transfer the signal to the oscilloscope as the shutter is open, and without the cable. Oscilloscope pictures shows an attenuation to the signal up to 30%.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Long bnc cable|| [[File: GEM_longcable1.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_longcable2.jpg | 40 px]]
|-
| Short bnc cable|| [[ File:GEM_shortcable.jpg | 40 px ]]

|}

=Roy's detector infomation and measurements=

U-233 metal deposited source is measured by Protean Instrument corporation gaseous detector, has a model number of WPC9450 (serial number: 0915723)and uses (P10) gas mixture, as shown below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Shutter position || Alpha particles /min.|| Beta particles /min.
|-
| Open || 6879 || 900
|-
| Close || 1 || 38
|}

The source was in a plate of a diameter of 16 cm which was exposed to to the sensitive part of the detector of a height of 2-3 mm.

The activity of the source is calculated based on the solid angle <math> \frac {A \times W}{4\pi} </math>

where '''A''' is the count per second
and '''W''' is the detector solid angle.

For the previous measurement, the solid angle is almost <math>2\pi </math>, so the the actvity of the source is twice the measured value in count/second.

=IAC experiment producing neutrons=

One of the IAC experiments produces neutrons, the neutron spectrum from Tungsten target is simulated outside and inside water (moderator) as shown in the figure below

[[File:moderator_nspect.png | 70 px]]

In the simulation above , They are interested in close distances to the Tungsten target inside the water container, it is 1 ft cubed container and is made of aluminium and covered polyester.

[[File:exp_setup.png | 70 px]]

=References=

==THGEM design==

THGEM#9

[[Media:Shalem_MSthesis_march2005.pdf]]

[[Media:Raz_Alon_MSthesis_Dec2007.pdf]]

==Electric field Simulation==

;Rim size dependence

[[ file: THGEM_Efield_simulation.pdf]]

;2010 THGEM design(s):

[[ file: THGEM_2009_design_gas_efficiency.pdf]]

[[Simulations_of_Particle_Interactions_with_Matter]]

Voss and 3 russian references for Dy(n,x) cross sections

http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.3819 Dy photon gammas spectrum

http://www.ippe.obninsk.ru/podr/cjd/kobra13.php?SubentID=30974002

http://www.americanelements.com/thoxst.html

http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0404119

NIM_A535_2004_93[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Image:Detectors_for_energy-resolved_fast_neutron_imaging.PDF#filehistory]

[[Image:NIM_A590_2008_pg134_Eberhardt.pdf]] Prep Targets

Neutron cross sections for different elements [[Media:Neutron_cross_sections.pdf]]

http://www-nds.iaea.org/RIPL-2/

[[Media:n gamma cross sections at 25 keV.jpg]]

[[Media:n alpha cross section at 14.2 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:ne cross section at 14 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:high enegy fission x-section.jpg]]

[[Media:N_gamma_x-section_at_400_keV.jpg]]

[[Media:x-sections of reactions at 14 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:n p x-section at 14.3MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n gamma x-section at 14.5 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: elastic x-section at 0.5 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n gamma x-section at 1 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n 2n x-section at 14.3 MeV.jpg]]

Donald James Hughes, Neutron cross sections, 2nd edition 1958, u.s.a atomic energy commission.[[Media:Neutron cross sections.pdf]]

[[Image:NSAE_ 151_ 2005_ 319-334_ Y.D. Lee.pdf]]

TGEM-2009 [[File:TGEM_2009.pdf]]

12 Volt power supply system.

http://www.lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/imagem/doc/NIMA_46128.pdf

http://electrontube.com.[[Media: rp097mono HV divier.pdf]]

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm#anchor550078

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_board

http://wikipedia.org

[http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.2026 A : concise review on THGEM detectors A.Breskin, R. Alon, M. Cortesi, R. Chechik, J. Miyamoto, V. Dangendorf, J. Maia, J. M. F. Dos Santos]

GEANT4_Paticles_Models[http://geant4.cern.ch/support/proc_mod_catalog/index.shtml]

Resistors online store : http://www.justradios.com/rescart.html

==RETGEMs==

[[Media:Jinst8_02_p02012_THGEM_spark.pdf‎]]

[[Media:2010_INST_5_P03002.pdf‎]]

;Thick GEM COBRA:

[[Media:THGEM_COBRA_08_10.pdf‎]]

[[Media: Nucl_Phys_B_Bidault_ novel UV photon detector.pdf]]

[[Media:Mauro micro pattern gaseuos detectors.pdf]]

[[Media:Development and First Tests of GEM-Like Detectors With Resistive Electrodes.pdf]]

http://www.supplydivision.co.uk/genitem.htm

http://www.radioshack.com/search/index.jsp?kwCatId=&kw=24%20gauge%20wires&origkw=24%20gauge%20wires&sr=1

Thick_GEM_versus_thin_GEM_in_two_phase_argon_avalanche_detectors (HV circuit)[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/File:Media-Thick_GEM_versus_thin_GEM_in_two_phase_argon_avalanche_detectors_(HV_circuit).pdf#filelinks]

Stainless Steel deflection [http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=126]

==Data Sheets==

radioactive surface cleaner NoCount MDSD [[File:radioactive_surface_cleaner.pdf]].

==Th-Xsection references==
[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Behrens_0.7-1.4MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Blons_1975_1.2-1.8MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_ermagambetov_0-3MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Henkel_0-9MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Ohsawa_original.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_pankratov_3-35MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_protopopov_distancefromthesource.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_rago_12.5-18MeV.pdf]]

==U-238-Xsection and coating references==

relative cross section and calibration samples characteristics for a well determined number of fissions per second

[[File:Eismont_relative_absolute_nf_induced_ intermediate energy.pdf]]

;U_238 cross section error analysis:

INTERNATIONAL EVALUATION OF NEUTRON CROSS-SECTION STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY,VIENNA, 2007 [[File:U238-xsection.pdf]]

U_238 (0.5-4MeV) and Th_232 (1-6MeV) fission cross section with statistical error.[[File:Th-232_U238_xsetion_data_ebars.txt]]

[[File:Pankratov_fxsection_Th232_U233_U235_Np237_U238_5-37MeV.pdf]]

==Thorium Coating==
ThF4 target for sputtering coatings

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm

==Machining Uranium==

Uranium will ignite in powder form

http://www.springerlink.com/content/rr072r52163x0833/

;coating Uranium

[[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVV-46G57SW-53&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F01%2F1991&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1388383717&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c3229e061695dfa28617f9f5db1ef55d]]

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16864172

Calorimeters/Detectors:
DU sheet is in wide-scale use as an absorber material in high-energy physics research at large accelerator laboratories. The high atomic number and density of DU presents a large number of atoms per unit volume to interact with the particles emerging from collisions in these detectors. Also the slight background radiation from DU enables in situ calibration of the electronic read out devices within such detectors, thereby improving the accuracy of measurement.

http://www.2spi.com/catalog/chem/depleted-uranium-products.html

[http://books.google.com/books?id=NRXnXmFRjWYC&pg=SA48-PA17&lpg=SA48-PA17&dq=depleted+uranium+coating&source=bl&ots=a6jHsdI6Ec&sig=zVxKGeD4E42gAVkr8Otg9bfpkyg&hl=en&ei=8FgtTIH1HMGC8gbNl-S-Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBThG]

[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=90&ved=0CDYQFjAJOFA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.com%2Fenergy%2Ffiles%2FIFT_Catalog.pdf&ei=RFktTPbgKYL88AbC1tSSAw&usg=AFQjCNE3VbqBWbvcKln4pJVAj8FyKfcOig]

;IAEA Photonuclear Data Library [http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/]

;Data Acquisition

Warren_logbook[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Warren_Parsons_Log_Book]

Warren_Thesis [http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Warren_Parsons_MS_Thesis]

=Related To Gaseous Detectors=

==Breakdown and Detector Failure (10/21/10)==

;Different kind of micro-pattern detectors

;References

1- A. Bressan, M. Hocha : NIM A 424 (1999) 321—342 [[File:High_rate_behavior_and_discharge_limits_in micro-pattern_detectors .pdf]]

2- Fonte and Peskov IEEE 1999 :[[File:fundamental_limitations_of_high_rate_gaseous_detectors.pdf]]

3- B. Schmidt: NIM A 419 (1998) 230—238 [[File:Microstrip_gas_chambers_Recent_developments_radiation_damage.pdf]]

= Ideas=

1.) Can we mix resistive paste (Encre MINICO) with TH-232. We construct a "bed of nails" to place a predrilled G-10 board with a copper border. The nails fill in the holes of the G-10 to keep the paste out. Ecre MINICO is a resistive paste used for transistors.

a.) Get some resistive paste.

http://www.leggesystems.com/p-253-elimstat-uxm-ccp.aspx

Resistive glue to compare

[[File:Duralco_4461.pdf]]

http://www.ellsworth.com/conformal.html?tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=764&Tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=2067&Tab=Products

http://www.cotronics.com/vo/cotr/ea_electricalresistant.htm

b.) mix with a metal similar to Th-232.

c.) construct bed of 0.4 mm nails. Look for 0.4 mm diameter pins.

==7/31/2009==
New vendor for carbon paste.

http://www.electrapolymers.com/productItem.asp?id=33

The data sheet does not show any information about the thickness of the paste.

The company has a distributor in the usa (877)-867-9668. A phone call is expected on Sat. 8/3/2009 about the availability of the product.

= TGEM Mask Design=

Coating U-238 or Th-232 is essential for neutron detection in the range 2-14 MeV, but THGEM contains holes that should be protected from any coating material. So, a mask is designed to cover these holes. The holes are in drilled to be on the corners of hexagonal of 1mm side length as in the figure:

[[Image: hexagonal _representaion_holes_04mm_1mmc2c.jpg | 300 px]]

The mask is made of stainless steel, 10 um laser tolerance with cut the plate to get the shape in the figure:

[[Image: holes_covered_by_mask.jpeg | 300 px]]

Please look at the following files for more details:

Make number bold black font. Add color so it is clear that they are holes in a material.

[[File:copper_foil_04mm.pdf]]

[[File:holes_mask_together.pdf]]

[[TGEM_Mask_Design]]

=P_D=

[[Performance of THGEM as a Neutron Detector]]

[[H_Proposal_Defense]]

=Vendor=
===Thick Film Screen Printers===

http://www.sciquip.com/browses/browse_Cat.asp?Category=Screen+Printers

http://www.marubeni-sunnyvale.com/screen_printing.html

[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/TGEMS Go Back] [[TGEMS]]

===tektronix oscilloscope===

134.50.3.73

http://134.50.203.63/

<references/>

File:Gamma spect.png

2015-09-14T23:00:40Z

Abdehait: uploaded a new version of "File:Gamma spect.png"

File:Gamma spect.png

2015-09-14T03:09:44Z

Abdehait: uploaded a new version of "File:Gamma spect.png"

2015-09-03T17:07:28Z

Abdehait: /* alpha calibration */

[[HM_2014]]

[[2012]]

[[2011]]

[[2010]]

[[2009]]

=alpha calibration=

[[File:ch_alphaE.png | 150px]]

[[File:Raw_data_all.pdf]]

The main peaks are for the following channel numbers,

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|channel Number|| Energy Upper limit || Energy lower limit || average energy || Notes
|-
| 4828 || 5.25
|-
| 4869 ||
|}

= Last runs=

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
|9005 || 05/15 15:00 || 05/16 10:55 || || open || off || 50 ||
|-
|9006 || 05/16 10:57 || 05/17 22:18 || || open || on || 48||
|-
|9007 || 05/17 22:23 || 05/18 19:20 || || closed || on || 30 ||
|-
|9008 || 05/18 21:46 || 05/19 19:59 || || closed || off || 30 || high beta effect
|-
|9010 || 05/21 23:23 || 05/22 10:00 || || closed || off || 30 || high beta effect
|-
|9023 || 05/26 13:06 || 05/26 13:17|| 11 || open || off || 87 || GEM2.9kV 3.6kV
|-
|9024 || 05/26 13:20 || 05/26 13:27|| 7 || closed || off || 26 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV (beta effect decreased)
|-
|9032 || 06/13 12:35 || 06/13 12:45|| 10 || open || off || 87 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV (ISU power shutdown)
|-
|9033 || 06/13 12:35 || 06/13 12:45|| 10 || closed || off || 26 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9034 || 06/15 20:55 || 06/15 21:05|| 10 || open || off || 45 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9035 || 06/15 21:06 || 06/13 21:16|| 10 || closed || off || 27 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9036 || 06/17 14:48 || 06/17 14:58|| 10 || closed || off || 28 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9037 || 06/17 14:59 || 06/17 14:09|| 10 || open || off || 28 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|}

The charge spectrum returned to were it was before the neutron exposure after 29 days for closed shutter.

=QDC TDC PS-ADC setup=

;Peak sensing gate

[[File: GEM_PS_gate.png | 300 px]]

;QDC gate

[[File: GEM_QDC_gate.png | 300 px]]

;TDC start

[[File: TDC_pulser.png | 300 px]]

;TDC STOP

[[File: TDC_GEM.png | 300 px]]

;QDC shows a difference

[[File: QDC_source_on_off_7724_7726.png | 300 px]]

=Measurements of the frequently used gas mixture 90/10 Ar/CO2 for the second peak =

;Changes from the former set up

# Using the eG&G timing filter amp. 474 instead of the spectroscopic amp. to amplify the input for the peak sensing ADC.
#Gate of a width of 4us has been delyed to track the second peak, as a result part of output spectrum is lost except for the delayed part within the gate width as shown in the figures below:

;Lost

[[File: PS_l1.png | 300 px]]

;Detected

[[File: PS_d1.png | 300 px]][[File: PS_d2.png | 300 px]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||Date || start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
|7435 || 08/24/14|| 19:30:48 || 19:55:32 || || open || on || 400 || a peak is noticed on channel 400
|-
|7436 || 08/24/14|| 19:59:05 || 20:40:11 || || open || off || 216 || the peak disappeared
|-
|7438 || 08/24/14|| 19:59:05 || 10:00:00 || || open || on || 0.0146 || triple coin., high noise, max. is ch 355
|-
|7444 || 08/25/14|| 21:17:25 || 21:20:35|| || open || on || 230 || gate delay 700 ns, peak disappeared [[File: gate delay700ns.png | 300 px]]
|-
|7446 || 08/25/14|| 21:29:51|| 21:38:55 || || open || off || 185 || does not count for P_B. peak disappeared
|-

|}

[[File: shutteropen_sourceon_off.png | 300 px]]

= unknown gas mixed bottle measurements=

; Updates

Changing the leading edge disc. to understand the Peak sensing and explain the cut int he peak sensing graph.

Measuring the noise. by starting by low signal rate to distinguish the signal from the noise.

; Channels and signals

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|device|| ch || input source
|-
| ADC || 5 || GEM's trigout
|-
| Peak sensing 7|| 15 || GEM's trigout
|-
| Peak sensing 5 || 11 || PMT Left
|-
| Peak sensing 8|| 17 || PMT right
|-
|PS translator ||
|-
|TDC || 25 || PMT L

|-
|TDC|| 27 || GEM's trigout
|-
| TDC || 29 || PMT R
|-
| TDC || 31 (Stopper) || triple coincidence (OR Mode)
|-
|CAEN N638
|-
|TDC || 17 || PMT L
|-
|TDC B2|| 18|| GEM's trigout multi-hit
|-
|TDC B6|| 22|| GEM's B_p
|-
| TDC || 21 || PMT R
|-
| TDC 6 || 30 (pulser) || triple coincidence (OR Mode)
|-
|TDC 7 || 23|| delayed GEM's trigout
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||Date || start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
| 7273|| 08/06/14 || 07:10:38 || 11:41:00 || 12502 || open || off || 67 || 0.1 flow rate

|-
| 7274|| 08/06/14 || 11:49:35 || 18:15:01 || 23126 || closed || off || 39 || 0.1 flow rate

|-
| 7275|| 08/06/14 || 20:37:07 || 09:10:10|| || closed || off || 40 || 0.2 flow rate
|-
| 7276|| 08/06/14 || 09:15:00 || 09:32:00|| || open || off || 80 || 0.2 flow rate amplification increases from 50 to 100
|-
| 7277|| 08/06/14 || 09:33:08 || 11:40:42|| 7654 || open || off || 81 || 0.2
|-
| 7295|| 08/08/14 || 17:36:58 || 19:55:59|| 4741 || closed || off || 60 || 0.2

|-
| 7296|| 08/08/14 || 22:28:01 || 23:43:14|| || closed || off || 58 || 0.3
|-
| 7297|| 08/08/14 || 23:48:14|| 12:08:00 || 37186|| open || off || 93 || 0.3
|-
| 7298|| 08/09/14 || 00:16:14|| 06:08:03 ||21109 ||closed || off || 56 || 0.3

|-
| 7299|| 08/10/14 || 19:27:12|| 20:09:04 || 2152||closed || on || 107 || 0.1

|-
| 7300|| 08/10/14 || 20:11:30|| 20:46:29 ||2099 ||open || on || 136 || 0.1

|-
| 7302|| 08/11/14 || 06:53:14|| 07:22:45 || 1771||closed || on || 114 || 0.2

|-
| 7303|| 08/11/14 || 07:26:58|| 07:48:01 || 1263||open || on || 167 || 0.2

|-
| 7305|| 08/11/14 || 13:21:16|| 13:55:05 || 2029||open || on || 178 || 0.3

|-
| 7306|| 08/11/14 || 14:41:00|| 15:40:00 || 3540||closed || on || 110 || 0.3

|-
| 7307|| 08/14/14 || 08:14:15|| 08:20:39 || 384||closed || off || || 0.1 noise measurements (pulser only)
|-
| 7308|| 08/14/14 || 08:22:43|| 08:29:23 || ||open || off || 1314 || 0.1 noise measurements (pulser only) same noise level as shutter closed (ch. 86) for Peak sensing ADC
|-
| 7309|| 08/14/14 || 08:35:09 || 09:45:37 || 4229 || open || off || || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.
|-
| 7310|| 08/14/14 || 09:46:12 || 11:18:39 || 5547 || open || off || 54 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7311|| 08/14/14 || 11:19:45 || 13:01:57 || 6132 || open || off || 52 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7312|| 08/14/14 || 13:10:50 || 14:28:07|| 4637 || open || off || 72 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7313|| 08/14/14 || 14:30:24|| 15:38: 48|| 4056 || open || off || 80 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7314|| 08/14/14 || 15:41: 52|| 16:46:55 || 3897|| open || on || 147 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7315|| 08/14/14 || 16:49: 59|| 19:14:30 ||8729|| open || on || 148 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7316|| 08/14/14 || 19:18:43 || 22:14:07 ||10596 || open || on ||147 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7317|| 08/14/14 || 22:18:24 || 10:18:52 || 43220|| open || on || 0.0095|| 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|-
| 7318|| 08/15/14 || 10:24:00 || 12:42:23 || 8303|| open || on || 147 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7319|| 08/15/14 || 12:46:14 || 15:46:09 || 10795|| open || on || 148 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7323|| 08/15-16/14 || 16:59:39 || 06:03:11 || 46970|| open || off || 0.0011 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
| 7329|| 08/16/14 || 07:06:32 || 10:35:35 || 12543|| open || off || 83 || 0.1 flow rate, PMT's charge is measured for L and R
|-
| 7330|| 08/16/14 || 10:41:58 || 12:48:33 || 7595 || open || on || 146 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7331|| 08/16-17/14 || 12:52:07 || 06:45:03 || 64384 || open || off || 0.0016 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence, coda counted 111 but the data file is empty!
|-
| 7332|| 08/17/14 || 06:52:26 || 07:04:45|| 739 || open || on || 1367 || 0.1 flow rate noise measurements with the wave generator
|-
| 7333|| 08/17/14 || 07:05:50 || 08:53:54 || || open || on || 155 || 0.1 flow rate
|-

| 7334|| 08/17/14 || 08:57:02 || 13:13:38 || || open || off || 82 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7337|| 08/17/14 || 14:17:24 || 14:30:29|| || open || on || 1400 || 0.1 flow rate, GEM 2.92 kV , CATH 3.47kV(+50V), noise measurements with the wave generator
|-
|7338|| 08/17/14 || 14:31:37|| 16:17:45|| || open || on || 163 || 0.1 flow rate
|-

|7339|| 08/17/14 || 16:20:25|| 16:35:45 || || open || off || 1368 || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurements with the wave generator
|-

|7340|| 08/17/14 || 16:37:01 || 20:33:04|| || open || off || 95 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7341|| 08/17-18/14 || 20:40:16|| 06:18:43 || || open || off || 0.0015 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|7342|| 08/18/14 || 06:25:44 || 06:37:43 || || open || on || 1403 || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurements
|-
|7345|| 08/18/14 || 06:39:23 || 14:17:58 || || open || on ||0.0128 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|7355|| 08/18/14 || 16:03:29 || 19:59:51|| || open || off || 75 || 0.1 flow rate, EM 2.82 kV , CATH 3.37kV(-50V), CAEN translator is used
|-
|7356|| 08/18/14 || 20:03:05|| 20:07:58 || || open || on || 2k || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurement
|-
|7357|| 08/18/14 || 20:08:43 || 22:48:22 |||| open || on || 142 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7358|| 08/18-19/14 || 22:53:13 || 10:52:44|| || open || on || 0.0082 || 0.1 flow rate , triple coincidence
|-
|7359|| 08/19/14 || 10:55:49|| 10:59:52 || || open || on || 2.1k || 0.1 flow rate , noise measurement
|-

|7360|| 08/19/14 || 11:00:38|| 14:26:38|| || open || on || 156|| 0.1 flow rate noise measurement with 1 Hz sampling
|-
|7361|| 08/19/14 || 14:40:49||18:25:00 || open || on || 0 || 0.1 flow rate with 1 Hz sampling (AND gate)
|-
|7362|| 08/19/14 || 18:33:15|| 18:38:54|| ||open || on ||1.5k || 0.1 flow rate triple coinc.(OR)
|-
|7363|| 08/19-20/14 || 18:39:46|| 13:39:45|| ||open || on ||0.0081 || 0.1 flow rate triple coinc.(OR)
|-
|7364|| 08/20/14 || 13:44:56|| 13:50:57 || ||open || off || 1.55k || 0.1 flow rate noise measurements, 2.87, 3.42kV for GEM and CATH
|-
|7367|| 08/20/14 || 15:08:27 || 16:49:37 || ||open || off || 86 || 0.1 flow rate, 2.87, 3.42kV for GEM and CATH
|-
|7368|| 08/20/14 || 16:53:42|| 17:15:49|| ||open || on || 154 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7369|| 08/20/14 || 17:17:39|| 20:28:43|| ||open || off || 86 || 0.1 flow rate, spec. amplifier decreased from 100 to 50
|-
|7479|| 08/27/14 || 10:02:21|| 10:42:09|| ||open || on || 64 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7480|| 08/27/14 || 10:46:18|| 14:17:22 || ||open || off || 11 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7481|| 08/27/14 || 14:19:33 || 14:43:39 || ||close || on || 78 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7488|| 08/27/14 || 16:16:37 || 16:48:53 || || open|| on || 86 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7491|| 08/27/14 || 18:09:27 || 18:59:05 || || open|| on || 86 || 0.1 flow rate,
|}

==Peak sensing measurements by 08/28/14==

Peak sensning measurements for GEM were recorded in the time between 8:00 am to 9:44am for shutter open as the following

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Source On|| Source Off
|-
|7507 || 7506
|-
|7509 || 7508
|-

|7511 || 7510
|-
|7513 || 7512
|-

|7515 || 7514
|-
|7517 || 7516
|-

|7519 || 7518
|-
|7521 || 7520
|}

[[File:unknownbootle_measurements_06_13.png | 300px]][[File:unknownbootle_measurements_14_21.png | 300px ]]

Different output for each run when Peak sensing is used to measure the charge, what is noticed that the charge is different from one run to another, but all the runs show that the amount of charge collected is bigger when the shutter is open with the source on it except for run 7511. By comparing all the runs, As the shutter is open, the maximum charge is collected by channel number 800, as the source is on the detector, the collected charge reached up to channel 1000 at most.

Measuring the data started by 8 am, the noise rate increased so it increased the event rate from 30s to 80s event/s, and it did not decrease until now (Thur. 15:36 08/28/14). all module wiring were checked but without any result. I am using the 90/10 Ar/CO2 bottle as hope to take some measurements but when the noise level goes down maybe this evening to repeat the same measuremnts.

The following reference shows a change in collected charge as the tenperature changes <ref>"Discrimination of nuclear recoils from alpha particles with superheated liquids" F Aubin et al 2008 New J. Phys. 10 103017 </ref>

[[File:temp_signal_effect.jpg | 300px]]

=Flow rate and figures=

;03 flow rate

[[File: 03_sourceOn.png | 450 px]]
[[File: 03_sourceoff.png | 450 px]]
[[File: 03_openOn_off_sub.png | 450 px]]
;02 flow rate

[[File: 02_sourceOn.png | 150 px]]
[[File:02_sourceoff.png | 150 px]]
[[File: 02_openOn_off_sub.png | 150 px]]

01 flow rate

[[File: 01_sourceOn.png | 150 px]]
[[File:01_sourceoff.png | 150 px]]

= Common Start Common Stop exchange=

Edit the file

cd /usr/local/coda/2.5/readoutlist/v1495trigPAT/

as the following:

for common start comment:
/* c775CommonStop(TDC_ID);

for common stop uncomment:
c775CommonStop(TDC_ID);

=Ionization xsections for different particles emitted from U-233=

; Photons

[[File: photoabosorption_Ar.png | 150 px]]
[[File: photoabosorption_CO2.png | 150 px]]
[[File: photoabosorption_Ar_CO2.png | 150 px]]

Ref. : http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Xcom/html/xcom1.html

;Electrons

[[File: electron_ion_Ar.png | 150 px]]

Ref. :

Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 (1993) 75 [[File: electron_ionization_Ar.pdf]]

;Alpha Particles

[[File: alpha_ionization.png | 150 px]]

Ref. :

http://www.exphys.jku.at/Kshells/

Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 (1993) 75

=Coincidence Measurements for GEM and the Plastic scintillator=

;Coincidence Measurement for the scintillator PMT's without shielding and without source

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Date || Time || No. of Counts (counts)|| Count rate (counts/min)
|-
|07/09/14 || 1066 || 659005 || 618
|-
|07/10/14 || 538 || 368974 || 686
|-

|}

;Triple coincidence Measurement for the scintillator PMT's shielded and without source

Triple coincidence among the 2 PMT's and the GEM detector is measured using coincidence module caberra 2144 and ortec 778 counter, count rate is 0.3+_ 0.03 Hz. However, the rate was zero before shielding.

The following pics show The GEM output with triple coincidence signal, it is observed that different GEM peaks coincide with the triple signal, which shows that adding the shielding contaminates the neutron signal.

[[File: GEM_triple_smallpeak.png | 150 px]]
[[File: GEM_triple_bigpeak.png | 150 px]]
[[File: GEM_triple_twopeaks.png | 150 px]]

=Coincidence Measurements for the Plastic scintillator after shielding=

; Without source

The plastic scintillator count rate before shielding and without source was in average 12 +_ 1 Hz, lead is added to the GEM and to the plastic scintillator which did not change the rate of the coincidence for the plastic scintillator . Neither closing the box door with lead nor adding lead to the top of the box did make any change in the number of counts for the plastic scintillator.

;With a source

=Background count rate=

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Date || Time || PSD_e (counts)|| PSD_e (counts/min) || LED (low disctrinimation)(counts)||LED (low disctrinimation)(counts/min)|| LED (high disctrinimation) (counts)|| LED (high disctrinimation) (counts/min)
|-
|07/01/14 || 1166 || 56671 || 49 || 2936748 || 2519 || 10 || 0.009
|-
|07/01/14 || 231 || 10529 || || 572657 || || 1542 ||

|}

= data graphs=

;<math>S_{HLE}</math>

[[File: B_pdaily_counts.png | 150 px]]

The above graph represents the change in the count rate of B_p, as the shutter is open (green) and as it is closed (red), the error bars get smaller since each point represents the average of two sets of daily measurements, in addition to, changing the PS discriminator's level after the second measurement.

;<math>S_{PSD}</math>

[[File: S_pdaily_counts.png | 150 px]]

The above graph has the same legend as the one for B_p, error bars increase for some data when the shutter is open, since one or more of the daily measurements has a higher number of counts because of U-233(4)'s spentaneous fission. (the number of counts is close to the number of counts as the shutter is open and the source is on).

Small=<math>S_{PSD} - S_{PSDE}</math>

=Testing GEM Experiment test 10/23/13=

The GEM detector was tested for signal and discharge as the voltage of the cathode and HV-circuit divider is 3.3 kV and 2.7 kV successively.

The GEM detector signal is observed as it used to work before. the pictures below show the signal detected as the shutter is open and as it is close.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| shutter close || [[File: GEM_close_1.png | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close_2.png | 40 px]]
|-
| shutter open || [[ File:GEM_open_1.png | 40 px ]]|| [[File: GEM_open_2.png | 40 px]] || [[File: GEM_open_3.png | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_open_4.png | 40 px]]
|}

=THGEM#9 Counting Experiment test 1/4/13=

[[THGEM#9 Counting Experiment]]

=GEM HV-divider circuit=

GEM HV-divider circuit in shown in the figure, measurements were recorded for for top and bottom voltage of each preamplifier.

<center>[[Image:GEM_HV_Dist_Net.jpg | 100px]]</center>

The table below shows value of the voltage on each preamplifier's side relative to ground.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| <math> V_{source} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G1T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G1B} \pm 1 </math>|| <math> \Delta V_1 \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G2T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G2B} \pm 1 </math>|| <math> \Delta V_2 \pm 1</math> || <math> V_{G3T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G3B} \pm 1 </math> || <math> \Delta V_3 \pm 1 </math>
|-
| 2550 || 2579 || 2259 ||304 || 1671|| 1394 || 279 || 818|| 570 ||245
|-
| 2600 || 2630 || 2303 ||310 || 1704|| 1421 || 285 ||834|| 581 || 250
|-
| 2650 || 2680 || 2348 || 316|| 1737|| 1449 || 290 || 850|| 592 || 255
|-
| 2700 || 2731 || 2393 ||322 || 1770|| 1476 ||296 ||866|| 603 || 260
|-
| 2750 || 2781 || 2373|| 328 || 1803|| 1503 || 302 ||882|| 614 ||264
|-
| 2800 || 2832 || 2482|| 332 || 1836|| 1530|| 307 || 898|| 625 || 269

|}

The source voltage means the voltage value on the 4-channel CAEN N470 display. (suppose to be equal to the voltage of the top GEM1).

the values are going to be an input for ANSYS which is going to simulate the electric field for each source voltage separately, ANSYS' output files will be an input for Garfield to simulate the electron multiplication by the triple GEM.

= GEM alpha-Beta detector counter=
[[GEM Alpha-Beta detector counter]]

=GEM gain data graphs and GEM Calibration in LDS=

==GEM Detector==

[[GEM performance QDC data graphs]]

[[Calibrating GEM detector]]

==Electronics Flow Chart==

[[File:LDS_electronics_flow_chart.png |200px]]

==GEM Detector and Scintillator==

[[GEM and Sci. data and measuurements]]

=GEM gain data graphs and GEM Calibration at the IAC=

Haitham may only alter the QDC's dual timer and a CFD for the QDC in the IAC DAQ.

Haitham may only add signals to the NIM->ECL translator

Haitham is not allowed to change any cables that are used for the PAA setup

;Summary

The detector is installed in the IAC after modifications took place in the detector design.

These modifications are:

1- The detector kipton window's area increased to the same size of the GEM cards( 10X10 cm)

2- The distance of the cathode from the first GEM increased up to 1.2 cm. previously the distance was about 3.5 mm. (No change in GEM's distances 2.8mm, or the readout 0.5 mm)

Increasing the drift distance demands an increase in cathode potential to maintain the same values of the electric field in the old setup.

3- The detector is installed in a wooden box, in addition to a plastic scintillator which was placed to cover part of the detector window.

[[GEM performance data graphs]]

==Electronics Flow Chart==

[[File:IAC_electronics_flow_chart.png |200px]]

[[File:IAC_n.png |200px]]

=U-233 fission x-section data and fission yield=

[[File:U-233_fissionxsection_0.01-100MeV.gif |200px]]
[[File:U-233_fissionxsection_fullenergyrange.gif |200px]]

[[File:U-233_fissionxyield_percent.png |200px]]

== What is the energy distribution of Beta, Photon and alpha from U-233==

===Alpha ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| nuclide || Energy (MeV)
|-
| Pb-213 || 8.4
|-
| Bi-213 || 5.9
|-
|At-217 ||6.3
|-
|Fr-221 || 6.3
|-
|Th-229 || 4.85 (alpha spectrum, highest counts for is 4.85 MeV)
|}

===Gamma===

Gamma distribution for U-233 and its daughters are in metioned in details in the documents , [[File:u233_day_gamma.pdf]] <ref>http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/gamma_spectra , Wed. 04/10/2013</ref>

The energy range of the emitted gamma is shown in the following table .

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| nuclide || Energy Minimum || Energy Maximum (keV)
|-|
| U-233 || 25 || 1,119
|-
| Ra-225 || 40 || 40
|-
|Ac-225 || 10.5 || 758.9
|-
|Fr-221 || 96.8 || 410.7
|-
|At-217 || 140 || 593.1
|-
|Bi-213 || 323.81 || 1,119.4 
|}

===Beta===

Beta particles are emitted mainly from U-233 daughters as shown in the figure <ref> http://itu.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php?id=204, Wed. 04/10/2013 </ref>

[[File:U-233_decay_beta_energy.jpg |200px]]

U-233 -> Th-229, emitted alpha particles have energy of 4.8 MeV.

Insert energy distribution for Betas

The following table shows the negative beta emitter nuclides,their parent nuclides, and their half lives:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Nuclides || energy (MeV) || half life
|-
| <math>Ra^{225} \rightarrow Ac^{225}</math> ||0.357 || 14d.
|-
|<math>Bi^{213} \rightarrow Po^{213}</math> || 1.426 || 46min.
|-
|<math>Tl^{209} \rightarrow Pb^{209}</math> || 1.981 || 2.2 min.
|-
|<math>Pb^{209} \rightarrow Bi^{209}</math> || 0.644 || 3.25h
|-
|<math>Bi^{209}</math> || 1.893 || stable
|}

==What is the energy distribution after the 1 mm FR4 shutter==

=== electron shutter penetration===

The energy distribution below represents the incidence electron on a 1 mm FR4 shutter.

[[File:E_spectrum.png |90 px]]

graph of electron energy for electron penetrating shutter (did any not penetrate?, how many?)

photons below were produced by above incident electron?
The energy distribution of photons was observed on the opposite side of the shutter

[[File:Photon_spectrum.png |90 px]]

Electrons (with least energy from U-233= 0.2 MeV) pass through the shutter have the energy distribution below.

===alpha shutter penetration===

===photons===

== Number of ions produced from Beta and Photon in ArCo2==

EMTest10 is used to calculate the average number of ions (electrons) when a 101 beta of 1 MeV are fired in a world that contains ArCO2. (13.5 per primary electron).

[[File:SecondaryElectron_Energy_1Mevbeta.png |90 px]]

= The needed time to observe the GEM signal=

In the case of triple GEM detector with a gas flow of 0.3 SCFH and 2650V and 2950V on GEM cards and cathode successively, a signal lower than the noise (of 16 mV and amplified twice) is observed at 770.0s +/- 0.1.

The normal rate (8 MHz +/- 2 as measured by the oscilloscope) is observed after 952.9s +/- 0.1.

=THGEM card tasks and tests=

;New THGEM cards:

Two new fully machined cards are going to be tested in air and ArCH4, if they passes 2000 V potential bwtween the top and the bottom, then they are going to be installed in ArCh4 gas chamber.

The older THGEM cards will have a high voltage enough to have one spark/min to clean impurities or surface defects.

=GEM Signal after the latest modification on the fission chamber 07/01/13=

The signal of the detector is observed as the shutter is open and close.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| shutter close || [[File: GEM_close.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close1.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close2.jpg | 40 px]] || [[File: GEM_open.jpg | 40 px]]
|-
| shutter open || [[ File:GEM_open_7_1.jpg | 40 px ]]

|}

=GEM's signal testing when it a long cable is used=

The GEM signal is tested when a long cable is used to transfer the signal to the oscilloscope as the shutter is open, and without the cable. Oscilloscope pictures shows an attenuation to the signal up to 30%.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Long bnc cable|| [[File: GEM_longcable1.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_longcable2.jpg | 40 px]]
|-
| Short bnc cable|| [[ File:GEM_shortcable.jpg | 40 px ]]

|}

=Roy's detector infomation and measurements=

U-233 metal deposited source is measured by Protean Instrument corporation gaseous detector, has a model number of WPC9450 (serial number: 0915723)and uses (P10) gas mixture, as shown below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Shutter position || Alpha particles /min.|| Beta particles /min.
|-
| Open || 6879 || 900
|-
| Close || 1 || 38
|}

The source was in a plate of a diameter of 16 cm which was exposed to to the sensitive part of the detector of a height of 2-3 mm.

The activity of the source is calculated based on the solid angle <math> \frac {A \times W}{4\pi} </math>

where '''A''' is the count per second
and '''W''' is the detector solid angle.

For the previous measurement, the solid angle is almost <math>2\pi </math>, so the the actvity of the source is twice the measured value in count/second.

=IAC experiment producing neutrons=

One of the IAC experiments produces neutrons, the neutron spectrum from Tungsten target is simulated outside and inside water (moderator) as shown in the figure below

[[File:moderator_nspect.png | 70 px]]

In the simulation above , They are interested in close distances to the Tungsten target inside the water container, it is 1 ft cubed container and is made of aluminium and covered polyester.

[[File:exp_setup.png | 70 px]]

=References=

==THGEM design==

THGEM#9

[[Media:Shalem_MSthesis_march2005.pdf]]

[[Media:Raz_Alon_MSthesis_Dec2007.pdf]]

==Electric field Simulation==

;Rim size dependence

[[ file: THGEM_Efield_simulation.pdf]]

;2010 THGEM design(s):

[[ file: THGEM_2009_design_gas_efficiency.pdf]]

[[Simulations_of_Particle_Interactions_with_Matter]]

Voss and 3 russian references for Dy(n,x) cross sections

http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.3819 Dy photon gammas spectrum

http://www.ippe.obninsk.ru/podr/cjd/kobra13.php?SubentID=30974002

http://www.americanelements.com/thoxst.html

http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0404119

NIM_A535_2004_93[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Image:Detectors_for_energy-resolved_fast_neutron_imaging.PDF#filehistory]

[[Image:NIM_A590_2008_pg134_Eberhardt.pdf]] Prep Targets

Neutron cross sections for different elements [[Media:Neutron_cross_sections.pdf]]

http://www-nds.iaea.org/RIPL-2/

[[Media:n gamma cross sections at 25 keV.jpg]]

[[Media:n alpha cross section at 14.2 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:ne cross section at 14 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:high enegy fission x-section.jpg]]

[[Media:N_gamma_x-section_at_400_keV.jpg]]

[[Media:x-sections of reactions at 14 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:n p x-section at 14.3MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n gamma x-section at 14.5 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: elastic x-section at 0.5 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n gamma x-section at 1 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n 2n x-section at 14.3 MeV.jpg]]

Donald James Hughes, Neutron cross sections, 2nd edition 1958, u.s.a atomic energy commission.[[Media:Neutron cross sections.pdf]]

[[Image:NSAE_ 151_ 2005_ 319-334_ Y.D. Lee.pdf]]

TGEM-2009 [[File:TGEM_2009.pdf]]

12 Volt power supply system.

http://www.lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/imagem/doc/NIMA_46128.pdf

http://electrontube.com.[[Media: rp097mono HV divier.pdf]]

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm#anchor550078

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_board

http://wikipedia.org

[http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.2026 A : concise review on THGEM detectors A.Breskin, R. Alon, M. Cortesi, R. Chechik, J. Miyamoto, V. Dangendorf, J. Maia, J. M. F. Dos Santos]

GEANT4_Paticles_Models[http://geant4.cern.ch/support/proc_mod_catalog/index.shtml]

Resistors online store : http://www.justradios.com/rescart.html

==RETGEMs==

[[Media:Jinst8_02_p02012_THGEM_spark.pdf‎]]

[[Media:2010_INST_5_P03002.pdf‎]]

;Thick GEM COBRA:

[[Media:THGEM_COBRA_08_10.pdf‎]]

[[Media: Nucl_Phys_B_Bidault_ novel UV photon detector.pdf]]

[[Media:Mauro micro pattern gaseuos detectors.pdf]]

[[Media:Development and First Tests of GEM-Like Detectors With Resistive Electrodes.pdf]]

http://www.supplydivision.co.uk/genitem.htm

http://www.radioshack.com/search/index.jsp?kwCatId=&kw=24%20gauge%20wires&origkw=24%20gauge%20wires&sr=1

Thick_GEM_versus_thin_GEM_in_two_phase_argon_avalanche_detectors (HV circuit)[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/File:Media-Thick_GEM_versus_thin_GEM_in_two_phase_argon_avalanche_detectors_(HV_circuit).pdf#filelinks]

Stainless Steel deflection [http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=126]

==Data Sheets==

radioactive surface cleaner NoCount MDSD [[File:radioactive_surface_cleaner.pdf]].

==Th-Xsection references==
[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Behrens_0.7-1.4MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Blons_1975_1.2-1.8MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_ermagambetov_0-3MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Henkel_0-9MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Ohsawa_original.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_pankratov_3-35MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_protopopov_distancefromthesource.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_rago_12.5-18MeV.pdf]]

==U-238-Xsection and coating references==

relative cross section and calibration samples characteristics for a well determined number of fissions per second

[[File:Eismont_relative_absolute_nf_induced_ intermediate energy.pdf]]

;U_238 cross section error analysis:

INTERNATIONAL EVALUATION OF NEUTRON CROSS-SECTION STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY,VIENNA, 2007 [[File:U238-xsection.pdf]]

U_238 (0.5-4MeV) and Th_232 (1-6MeV) fission cross section with statistical error.[[File:Th-232_U238_xsetion_data_ebars.txt]]

[[File:Pankratov_fxsection_Th232_U233_U235_Np237_U238_5-37MeV.pdf]]

==Thorium Coating==
ThF4 target for sputtering coatings

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm

==Machining Uranium==

Uranium will ignite in powder form

http://www.springerlink.com/content/rr072r52163x0833/

;coating Uranium

[[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVV-46G57SW-53&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F01%2F1991&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1388383717&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c3229e061695dfa28617f9f5db1ef55d]]

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16864172

Calorimeters/Detectors:
DU sheet is in wide-scale use as an absorber material in high-energy physics research at large accelerator laboratories. The high atomic number and density of DU presents a large number of atoms per unit volume to interact with the particles emerging from collisions in these detectors. Also the slight background radiation from DU enables in situ calibration of the electronic read out devices within such detectors, thereby improving the accuracy of measurement.

http://www.2spi.com/catalog/chem/depleted-uranium-products.html

[http://books.google.com/books?id=NRXnXmFRjWYC&pg=SA48-PA17&lpg=SA48-PA17&dq=depleted+uranium+coating&source=bl&ots=a6jHsdI6Ec&sig=zVxKGeD4E42gAVkr8Otg9bfpkyg&hl=en&ei=8FgtTIH1HMGC8gbNl-S-Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBThG]

[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=90&ved=0CDYQFjAJOFA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.com%2Fenergy%2Ffiles%2FIFT_Catalog.pdf&ei=RFktTPbgKYL88AbC1tSSAw&usg=AFQjCNE3VbqBWbvcKln4pJVAj8FyKfcOig]

;IAEA Photonuclear Data Library [http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/]

;Data Acquisition

Warren_logbook[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Warren_Parsons_Log_Book]

Warren_Thesis [http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Warren_Parsons_MS_Thesis]

=Related To Gaseous Detectors=

==Breakdown and Detector Failure (10/21/10)==

;Different kind of micro-pattern detectors

;References

1- A. Bressan, M. Hocha : NIM A 424 (1999) 321—342 [[File:High_rate_behavior_and_discharge_limits_in micro-pattern_detectors .pdf]]

2- Fonte and Peskov IEEE 1999 :[[File:fundamental_limitations_of_high_rate_gaseous_detectors.pdf]]

3- B. Schmidt: NIM A 419 (1998) 230—238 [[File:Microstrip_gas_chambers_Recent_developments_radiation_damage.pdf]]

= Ideas=

1.) Can we mix resistive paste (Encre MINICO) with TH-232. We construct a "bed of nails" to place a predrilled G-10 board with a copper border. The nails fill in the holes of the G-10 to keep the paste out. Ecre MINICO is a resistive paste used for transistors.

a.) Get some resistive paste.

http://www.leggesystems.com/p-253-elimstat-uxm-ccp.aspx

Resistive glue to compare

[[File:Duralco_4461.pdf]]

http://www.ellsworth.com/conformal.html?tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=764&Tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=2067&Tab=Products

http://www.cotronics.com/vo/cotr/ea_electricalresistant.htm

b.) mix with a metal similar to Th-232.

c.) construct bed of 0.4 mm nails. Look for 0.4 mm diameter pins.

==7/31/2009==
New vendor for carbon paste.

http://www.electrapolymers.com/productItem.asp?id=33

The data sheet does not show any information about the thickness of the paste.

The company has a distributor in the usa (877)-867-9668. A phone call is expected on Sat. 8/3/2009 about the availability of the product.

= TGEM Mask Design=

Coating U-238 or Th-232 is essential for neutron detection in the range 2-14 MeV, but THGEM contains holes that should be protected from any coating material. So, a mask is designed to cover these holes. The holes are in drilled to be on the corners of hexagonal of 1mm side length as in the figure:

[[Image: hexagonal _representaion_holes_04mm_1mmc2c.jpg | 300 px]]

The mask is made of stainless steel, 10 um laser tolerance with cut the plate to get the shape in the figure:

[[Image: holes_covered_by_mask.jpeg | 300 px]]

Please look at the following files for more details:

Make number bold black font. Add color so it is clear that they are holes in a material.

[[File:copper_foil_04mm.pdf]]

[[File:holes_mask_together.pdf]]

[[TGEM_Mask_Design]]

=P_D=

[[Performance of THGEM as a Neutron Detector]]

[[H_Proposal_Defense]]

=Vendor=
===Thick Film Screen Printers===

http://www.sciquip.com/browses/browse_Cat.asp?Category=Screen+Printers

http://www.marubeni-sunnyvale.com/screen_printing.html

[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/TGEMS Go Back] [[TGEMS]]

===tektronix oscilloscope===

134.50.3.73

http://134.50.203.63/

<references/>

Neutron TGEM Detector Abdel

2015-09-03T16:55:40Z

Abdehait: /* alpha calibration */

[[HM_2014]]

[[2012]]

[[2011]]

[[2010]]

[[2009]]

=alpha calibration=

[[File:ch_alphaE.png | 150px]]

[[File:Raw_data_all.pdf]]

The main peaks are for the following channel numbers,

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|channel Number|| Energy Upper limit || Energy lower limit || average energy || Notes
|-
| 4828 ||
|-
| 4869 ||
|}

= Last runs=

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
|9005 || 05/15 15:00 || 05/16 10:55 || || open || off || 50 ||
|-
|9006 || 05/16 10:57 || 05/17 22:18 || || open || on || 48||
|-
|9007 || 05/17 22:23 || 05/18 19:20 || || closed || on || 30 ||
|-
|9008 || 05/18 21:46 || 05/19 19:59 || || closed || off || 30 || high beta effect
|-
|9010 || 05/21 23:23 || 05/22 10:00 || || closed || off || 30 || high beta effect
|-
|9023 || 05/26 13:06 || 05/26 13:17|| 11 || open || off || 87 || GEM2.9kV 3.6kV
|-
|9024 || 05/26 13:20 || 05/26 13:27|| 7 || closed || off || 26 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV (beta effect decreased)
|-
|9032 || 06/13 12:35 || 06/13 12:45|| 10 || open || off || 87 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV (ISU power shutdown)
|-
|9033 || 06/13 12:35 || 06/13 12:45|| 10 || closed || off || 26 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9034 || 06/15 20:55 || 06/15 21:05|| 10 || open || off || 45 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9035 || 06/15 21:06 || 06/13 21:16|| 10 || closed || off || 27 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9036 || 06/17 14:48 || 06/17 14:58|| 10 || closed || off || 28 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9037 || 06/17 14:59 || 06/17 14:09|| 10 || open || off || 28 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|}

The charge spectrum returned to were it was before the neutron exposure after 29 days for closed shutter.

=QDC TDC PS-ADC setup=

;Peak sensing gate

[[File: GEM_PS_gate.png | 300 px]]

;QDC gate

[[File: GEM_QDC_gate.png | 300 px]]

;TDC start

[[File: TDC_pulser.png | 300 px]]

;TDC STOP

[[File: TDC_GEM.png | 300 px]]

;QDC shows a difference

[[File: QDC_source_on_off_7724_7726.png | 300 px]]

=Measurements of the frequently used gas mixture 90/10 Ar/CO2 for the second peak =

;Changes from the former set up

# Using the eG&G timing filter amp. 474 instead of the spectroscopic amp. to amplify the input for the peak sensing ADC.
#Gate of a width of 4us has been delyed to track the second peak, as a result part of output spectrum is lost except for the delayed part within the gate width as shown in the figures below:

;Lost

[[File: PS_l1.png | 300 px]]

;Detected

[[File: PS_d1.png | 300 px]][[File: PS_d2.png | 300 px]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||Date || start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
|7435 || 08/24/14|| 19:30:48 || 19:55:32 || || open || on || 400 || a peak is noticed on channel 400
|-
|7436 || 08/24/14|| 19:59:05 || 20:40:11 || || open || off || 216 || the peak disappeared
|-
|7438 || 08/24/14|| 19:59:05 || 10:00:00 || || open || on || 0.0146 || triple coin., high noise, max. is ch 355
|-
|7444 || 08/25/14|| 21:17:25 || 21:20:35|| || open || on || 230 || gate delay 700 ns, peak disappeared [[File: gate delay700ns.png | 300 px]]
|-
|7446 || 08/25/14|| 21:29:51|| 21:38:55 || || open || off || 185 || does not count for P_B. peak disappeared
|-

|}

[[File: shutteropen_sourceon_off.png | 300 px]]

= unknown gas mixed bottle measurements=

; Updates

Changing the leading edge disc. to understand the Peak sensing and explain the cut int he peak sensing graph.

Measuring the noise. by starting by low signal rate to distinguish the signal from the noise.

; Channels and signals

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|device|| ch || input source
|-
| ADC || 5 || GEM's trigout
|-
| Peak sensing 7|| 15 || GEM's trigout
|-
| Peak sensing 5 || 11 || PMT Left
|-
| Peak sensing 8|| 17 || PMT right
|-
|PS translator ||
|-
|TDC || 25 || PMT L

|-
|TDC|| 27 || GEM's trigout
|-
| TDC || 29 || PMT R
|-
| TDC || 31 (Stopper) || triple coincidence (OR Mode)
|-
|CAEN N638
|-
|TDC || 17 || PMT L
|-
|TDC B2|| 18|| GEM's trigout multi-hit
|-
|TDC B6|| 22|| GEM's B_p
|-
| TDC || 21 || PMT R
|-
| TDC 6 || 30 (pulser) || triple coincidence (OR Mode)
|-
|TDC 7 || 23|| delayed GEM's trigout
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||Date || start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
| 7273|| 08/06/14 || 07:10:38 || 11:41:00 || 12502 || open || off || 67 || 0.1 flow rate

|-
| 7274|| 08/06/14 || 11:49:35 || 18:15:01 || 23126 || closed || off || 39 || 0.1 flow rate

|-
| 7275|| 08/06/14 || 20:37:07 || 09:10:10|| || closed || off || 40 || 0.2 flow rate
|-
| 7276|| 08/06/14 || 09:15:00 || 09:32:00|| || open || off || 80 || 0.2 flow rate amplification increases from 50 to 100
|-
| 7277|| 08/06/14 || 09:33:08 || 11:40:42|| 7654 || open || off || 81 || 0.2
|-
| 7295|| 08/08/14 || 17:36:58 || 19:55:59|| 4741 || closed || off || 60 || 0.2

|-
| 7296|| 08/08/14 || 22:28:01 || 23:43:14|| || closed || off || 58 || 0.3
|-
| 7297|| 08/08/14 || 23:48:14|| 12:08:00 || 37186|| open || off || 93 || 0.3
|-
| 7298|| 08/09/14 || 00:16:14|| 06:08:03 ||21109 ||closed || off || 56 || 0.3

|-
| 7299|| 08/10/14 || 19:27:12|| 20:09:04 || 2152||closed || on || 107 || 0.1

|-
| 7300|| 08/10/14 || 20:11:30|| 20:46:29 ||2099 ||open || on || 136 || 0.1

|-
| 7302|| 08/11/14 || 06:53:14|| 07:22:45 || 1771||closed || on || 114 || 0.2

|-
| 7303|| 08/11/14 || 07:26:58|| 07:48:01 || 1263||open || on || 167 || 0.2

|-
| 7305|| 08/11/14 || 13:21:16|| 13:55:05 || 2029||open || on || 178 || 0.3

|-
| 7306|| 08/11/14 || 14:41:00|| 15:40:00 || 3540||closed || on || 110 || 0.3

|-
| 7307|| 08/14/14 || 08:14:15|| 08:20:39 || 384||closed || off || || 0.1 noise measurements (pulser only)
|-
| 7308|| 08/14/14 || 08:22:43|| 08:29:23 || ||open || off || 1314 || 0.1 noise measurements (pulser only) same noise level as shutter closed (ch. 86) for Peak sensing ADC
|-
| 7309|| 08/14/14 || 08:35:09 || 09:45:37 || 4229 || open || off || || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.
|-
| 7310|| 08/14/14 || 09:46:12 || 11:18:39 || 5547 || open || off || 54 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7311|| 08/14/14 || 11:19:45 || 13:01:57 || 6132 || open || off || 52 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7312|| 08/14/14 || 13:10:50 || 14:28:07|| 4637 || open || off || 72 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7313|| 08/14/14 || 14:30:24|| 15:38: 48|| 4056 || open || off || 80 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7314|| 08/14/14 || 15:41: 52|| 16:46:55 || 3897|| open || on || 147 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7315|| 08/14/14 || 16:49: 59|| 19:14:30 ||8729|| open || on || 148 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7316|| 08/14/14 || 19:18:43 || 22:14:07 ||10596 || open || on ||147 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7317|| 08/14/14 || 22:18:24 || 10:18:52 || 43220|| open || on || 0.0095|| 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|-
| 7318|| 08/15/14 || 10:24:00 || 12:42:23 || 8303|| open || on || 147 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7319|| 08/15/14 || 12:46:14 || 15:46:09 || 10795|| open || on || 148 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7323|| 08/15-16/14 || 16:59:39 || 06:03:11 || 46970|| open || off || 0.0011 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
| 7329|| 08/16/14 || 07:06:32 || 10:35:35 || 12543|| open || off || 83 || 0.1 flow rate, PMT's charge is measured for L and R
|-
| 7330|| 08/16/14 || 10:41:58 || 12:48:33 || 7595 || open || on || 146 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7331|| 08/16-17/14 || 12:52:07 || 06:45:03 || 64384 || open || off || 0.0016 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence, coda counted 111 but the data file is empty!
|-
| 7332|| 08/17/14 || 06:52:26 || 07:04:45|| 739 || open || on || 1367 || 0.1 flow rate noise measurements with the wave generator
|-
| 7333|| 08/17/14 || 07:05:50 || 08:53:54 || || open || on || 155 || 0.1 flow rate
|-

| 7334|| 08/17/14 || 08:57:02 || 13:13:38 || || open || off || 82 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7337|| 08/17/14 || 14:17:24 || 14:30:29|| || open || on || 1400 || 0.1 flow rate, GEM 2.92 kV , CATH 3.47kV(+50V), noise measurements with the wave generator
|-
|7338|| 08/17/14 || 14:31:37|| 16:17:45|| || open || on || 163 || 0.1 flow rate
|-

|7339|| 08/17/14 || 16:20:25|| 16:35:45 || || open || off || 1368 || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurements with the wave generator
|-

|7340|| 08/17/14 || 16:37:01 || 20:33:04|| || open || off || 95 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7341|| 08/17-18/14 || 20:40:16|| 06:18:43 || || open || off || 0.0015 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|7342|| 08/18/14 || 06:25:44 || 06:37:43 || || open || on || 1403 || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurements
|-
|7345|| 08/18/14 || 06:39:23 || 14:17:58 || || open || on ||0.0128 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|7355|| 08/18/14 || 16:03:29 || 19:59:51|| || open || off || 75 || 0.1 flow rate, EM 2.82 kV , CATH 3.37kV(-50V), CAEN translator is used
|-
|7356|| 08/18/14 || 20:03:05|| 20:07:58 || || open || on || 2k || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurement
|-
|7357|| 08/18/14 || 20:08:43 || 22:48:22 |||| open || on || 142 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7358|| 08/18-19/14 || 22:53:13 || 10:52:44|| || open || on || 0.0082 || 0.1 flow rate , triple coincidence
|-
|7359|| 08/19/14 || 10:55:49|| 10:59:52 || || open || on || 2.1k || 0.1 flow rate , noise measurement
|-

|7360|| 08/19/14 || 11:00:38|| 14:26:38|| || open || on || 156|| 0.1 flow rate noise measurement with 1 Hz sampling
|-
|7361|| 08/19/14 || 14:40:49||18:25:00 || open || on || 0 || 0.1 flow rate with 1 Hz sampling (AND gate)
|-
|7362|| 08/19/14 || 18:33:15|| 18:38:54|| ||open || on ||1.5k || 0.1 flow rate triple coinc.(OR)
|-
|7363|| 08/19-20/14 || 18:39:46|| 13:39:45|| ||open || on ||0.0081 || 0.1 flow rate triple coinc.(OR)
|-
|7364|| 08/20/14 || 13:44:56|| 13:50:57 || ||open || off || 1.55k || 0.1 flow rate noise measurements, 2.87, 3.42kV for GEM and CATH
|-
|7367|| 08/20/14 || 15:08:27 || 16:49:37 || ||open || off || 86 || 0.1 flow rate, 2.87, 3.42kV for GEM and CATH
|-
|7368|| 08/20/14 || 16:53:42|| 17:15:49|| ||open || on || 154 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7369|| 08/20/14 || 17:17:39|| 20:28:43|| ||open || off || 86 || 0.1 flow rate, spec. amplifier decreased from 100 to 50
|-
|7479|| 08/27/14 || 10:02:21|| 10:42:09|| ||open || on || 64 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7480|| 08/27/14 || 10:46:18|| 14:17:22 || ||open || off || 11 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7481|| 08/27/14 || 14:19:33 || 14:43:39 || ||close || on || 78 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7488|| 08/27/14 || 16:16:37 || 16:48:53 || || open|| on || 86 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7491|| 08/27/14 || 18:09:27 || 18:59:05 || || open|| on || 86 || 0.1 flow rate,
|}

==Peak sensing measurements by 08/28/14==

Peak sensning measurements for GEM were recorded in the time between 8:00 am to 9:44am for shutter open as the following

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Source On|| Source Off
|-
|7507 || 7506
|-
|7509 || 7508
|-

|7511 || 7510
|-
|7513 || 7512
|-

|7515 || 7514
|-
|7517 || 7516
|-

|7519 || 7518
|-
|7521 || 7520
|}

[[File:unknownbootle_measurements_06_13.png | 300px]][[File:unknownbootle_measurements_14_21.png | 300px ]]

Different output for each run when Peak sensing is used to measure the charge, what is noticed that the charge is different from one run to another, but all the runs show that the amount of charge collected is bigger when the shutter is open with the source on it except for run 7511. By comparing all the runs, As the shutter is open, the maximum charge is collected by channel number 800, as the source is on the detector, the collected charge reached up to channel 1000 at most.

Measuring the data started by 8 am, the noise rate increased so it increased the event rate from 30s to 80s event/s, and it did not decrease until now (Thur. 15:36 08/28/14). all module wiring were checked but without any result. I am using the 90/10 Ar/CO2 bottle as hope to take some measurements but when the noise level goes down maybe this evening to repeat the same measuremnts.

The following reference shows a change in collected charge as the tenperature changes <ref>"Discrimination of nuclear recoils from alpha particles with superheated liquids" F Aubin et al 2008 New J. Phys. 10 103017 </ref>

[[File:temp_signal_effect.jpg | 300px]]

=Flow rate and figures=

;03 flow rate

[[File: 03_sourceOn.png | 450 px]]
[[File: 03_sourceoff.png | 450 px]]
[[File: 03_openOn_off_sub.png | 450 px]]
;02 flow rate

[[File: 02_sourceOn.png | 150 px]]
[[File:02_sourceoff.png | 150 px]]
[[File: 02_openOn_off_sub.png | 150 px]]

01 flow rate

[[File: 01_sourceOn.png | 150 px]]
[[File:01_sourceoff.png | 150 px]]

= Common Start Common Stop exchange=

Edit the file

cd /usr/local/coda/2.5/readoutlist/v1495trigPAT/

as the following:

for common start comment:
/* c775CommonStop(TDC_ID);

for common stop uncomment:
c775CommonStop(TDC_ID);

=Ionization xsections for different particles emitted from U-233=

; Photons

[[File: photoabosorption_Ar.png | 150 px]]
[[File: photoabosorption_CO2.png | 150 px]]
[[File: photoabosorption_Ar_CO2.png | 150 px]]

Ref. : http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Xcom/html/xcom1.html

;Electrons

[[File: electron_ion_Ar.png | 150 px]]

Ref. :

Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 (1993) 75 [[File: electron_ionization_Ar.pdf]]

;Alpha Particles

[[File: alpha_ionization.png | 150 px]]

Ref. :

http://www.exphys.jku.at/Kshells/

Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 (1993) 75

=Coincidence Measurements for GEM and the Plastic scintillator=

;Coincidence Measurement for the scintillator PMT's without shielding and without source

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Date || Time || No. of Counts (counts)|| Count rate (counts/min)
|-
|07/09/14 || 1066 || 659005 || 618
|-
|07/10/14 || 538 || 368974 || 686
|-

|}

;Triple coincidence Measurement for the scintillator PMT's shielded and without source

Triple coincidence among the 2 PMT's and the GEM detector is measured using coincidence module caberra 2144 and ortec 778 counter, count rate is 0.3+_ 0.03 Hz. However, the rate was zero before shielding.

The following pics show The GEM output with triple coincidence signal, it is observed that different GEM peaks coincide with the triple signal, which shows that adding the shielding contaminates the neutron signal.

[[File: GEM_triple_smallpeak.png | 150 px]]
[[File: GEM_triple_bigpeak.png | 150 px]]
[[File: GEM_triple_twopeaks.png | 150 px]]

=Coincidence Measurements for the Plastic scintillator after shielding=

; Without source

The plastic scintillator count rate before shielding and without source was in average 12 +_ 1 Hz, lead is added to the GEM and to the plastic scintillator which did not change the rate of the coincidence for the plastic scintillator . Neither closing the box door with lead nor adding lead to the top of the box did make any change in the number of counts for the plastic scintillator.

;With a source

=Background count rate=

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Date || Time || PSD_e (counts)|| PSD_e (counts/min) || LED (low disctrinimation)(counts)||LED (low disctrinimation)(counts/min)|| LED (high disctrinimation) (counts)|| LED (high disctrinimation) (counts/min)
|-
|07/01/14 || 1166 || 56671 || 49 || 2936748 || 2519 || 10 || 0.009
|-
|07/01/14 || 231 || 10529 || || 572657 || || 1542 ||

|}

= data graphs=

;<math>S_{HLE}</math>

[[File: B_pdaily_counts.png | 150 px]]

The above graph represents the change in the count rate of B_p, as the shutter is open (green) and as it is closed (red), the error bars get smaller since each point represents the average of two sets of daily measurements, in addition to, changing the PS discriminator's level after the second measurement.

;<math>S_{PSD}</math>

[[File: S_pdaily_counts.png | 150 px]]

The above graph has the same legend as the one for B_p, error bars increase for some data when the shutter is open, since one or more of the daily measurements has a higher number of counts because of U-233(4)'s spentaneous fission. (the number of counts is close to the number of counts as the shutter is open and the source is on).

Small=<math>S_{PSD} - S_{PSDE}</math>

=Testing GEM Experiment test 10/23/13=

The GEM detector was tested for signal and discharge as the voltage of the cathode and HV-circuit divider is 3.3 kV and 2.7 kV successively.

The GEM detector signal is observed as it used to work before. the pictures below show the signal detected as the shutter is open and as it is close.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| shutter close || [[File: GEM_close_1.png | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close_2.png | 40 px]]
|-
| shutter open || [[ File:GEM_open_1.png | 40 px ]]|| [[File: GEM_open_2.png | 40 px]] || [[File: GEM_open_3.png | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_open_4.png | 40 px]]
|}

=THGEM#9 Counting Experiment test 1/4/13=

[[THGEM#9 Counting Experiment]]

=GEM HV-divider circuit=

GEM HV-divider circuit in shown in the figure, measurements were recorded for for top and bottom voltage of each preamplifier.

<center>[[Image:GEM_HV_Dist_Net.jpg | 100px]]</center>

The table below shows value of the voltage on each preamplifier's side relative to ground.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| <math> V_{source} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G1T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G1B} \pm 1 </math>|| <math> \Delta V_1 \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G2T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G2B} \pm 1 </math>|| <math> \Delta V_2 \pm 1</math> || <math> V_{G3T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G3B} \pm 1 </math> || <math> \Delta V_3 \pm 1 </math>
|-
| 2550 || 2579 || 2259 ||304 || 1671|| 1394 || 279 || 818|| 570 ||245
|-
| 2600 || 2630 || 2303 ||310 || 1704|| 1421 || 285 ||834|| 581 || 250
|-
| 2650 || 2680 || 2348 || 316|| 1737|| 1449 || 290 || 850|| 592 || 255
|-
| 2700 || 2731 || 2393 ||322 || 1770|| 1476 ||296 ||866|| 603 || 260
|-
| 2750 || 2781 || 2373|| 328 || 1803|| 1503 || 302 ||882|| 614 ||264
|-
| 2800 || 2832 || 2482|| 332 || 1836|| 1530|| 307 || 898|| 625 || 269

|}

The source voltage means the voltage value on the 4-channel CAEN N470 display. (suppose to be equal to the voltage of the top GEM1).

the values are going to be an input for ANSYS which is going to simulate the electric field for each source voltage separately, ANSYS' output files will be an input for Garfield to simulate the electron multiplication by the triple GEM.

= GEM alpha-Beta detector counter=
[[GEM Alpha-Beta detector counter]]

=GEM gain data graphs and GEM Calibration in LDS=

==GEM Detector==

[[GEM performance QDC data graphs]]

[[Calibrating GEM detector]]

==Electronics Flow Chart==

[[File:LDS_electronics_flow_chart.png |200px]]

==GEM Detector and Scintillator==

[[GEM and Sci. data and measuurements]]

=GEM gain data graphs and GEM Calibration at the IAC=

Haitham may only alter the QDC's dual timer and a CFD for the QDC in the IAC DAQ.

Haitham may only add signals to the NIM->ECL translator

Haitham is not allowed to change any cables that are used for the PAA setup

;Summary

The detector is installed in the IAC after modifications took place in the detector design.

These modifications are:

1- The detector kipton window's area increased to the same size of the GEM cards( 10X10 cm)

2- The distance of the cathode from the first GEM increased up to 1.2 cm. previously the distance was about 3.5 mm. (No change in GEM's distances 2.8mm, or the readout 0.5 mm)

Increasing the drift distance demands an increase in cathode potential to maintain the same values of the electric field in the old setup.

3- The detector is installed in a wooden box, in addition to a plastic scintillator which was placed to cover part of the detector window.

[[GEM performance data graphs]]

==Electronics Flow Chart==

[[File:IAC_electronics_flow_chart.png |200px]]

[[File:IAC_n.png |200px]]

=U-233 fission x-section data and fission yield=

[[File:U-233_fissionxsection_0.01-100MeV.gif |200px]]
[[File:U-233_fissionxsection_fullenergyrange.gif |200px]]

[[File:U-233_fissionxyield_percent.png |200px]]

== What is the energy distribution of Beta, Photon and alpha from U-233==

===Alpha ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| nuclide || Energy (MeV)
|-
| Pb-213 || 8.4
|-
| Bi-213 || 5.9
|-
|At-217 ||6.3
|-
|Fr-221 || 6.3
|-
|Th-229 || 4.85 (alpha spectrum, highest counts for is 4.85 MeV)
|}

===Gamma===

Gamma distribution for U-233 and its daughters are in metioned in details in the documents , [[File:u233_day_gamma.pdf]] <ref>http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/gamma_spectra , Wed. 04/10/2013</ref>

The energy range of the emitted gamma is shown in the following table .

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| nuclide || Energy Minimum || Energy Maximum (keV)
|-|
| U-233 || 25 || 1,119
|-
| Ra-225 || 40 || 40
|-
|Ac-225 || 10.5 || 758.9
|-
|Fr-221 || 96.8 || 410.7
|-
|At-217 || 140 || 593.1
|-
|Bi-213 || 323.81 || 1,119.4 
|}

===Beta===

Beta particles are emitted mainly from U-233 daughters as shown in the figure <ref> http://itu.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php?id=204, Wed. 04/10/2013 </ref>

[[File:U-233_decay_beta_energy.jpg |200px]]

U-233 -> Th-229, emitted alpha particles have energy of 4.8 MeV.

Insert energy distribution for Betas

The following table shows the negative beta emitter nuclides,their parent nuclides, and their half lives:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Nuclides || energy (MeV) || half life
|-
| <math>Ra^{225} \rightarrow Ac^{225}</math> ||0.357 || 14d.
|-
|<math>Bi^{213} \rightarrow Po^{213}</math> || 1.426 || 46min.
|-
|<math>Tl^{209} \rightarrow Pb^{209}</math> || 1.981 || 2.2 min.
|-
|<math>Pb^{209} \rightarrow Bi^{209}</math> || 0.644 || 3.25h
|-
|<math>Bi^{209}</math> || 1.893 || stable
|}

==What is the energy distribution after the 1 mm FR4 shutter==

=== electron shutter penetration===

The energy distribution below represents the incidence electron on a 1 mm FR4 shutter.

[[File:E_spectrum.png |90 px]]

graph of electron energy for electron penetrating shutter (did any not penetrate?, how many?)

photons below were produced by above incident electron?
The energy distribution of photons was observed on the opposite side of the shutter

[[File:Photon_spectrum.png |90 px]]

Electrons (with least energy from U-233= 0.2 MeV) pass through the shutter have the energy distribution below.

===alpha shutter penetration===

===photons===

== Number of ions produced from Beta and Photon in ArCo2==

EMTest10 is used to calculate the average number of ions (electrons) when a 101 beta of 1 MeV are fired in a world that contains ArCO2. (13.5 per primary electron).

[[File:SecondaryElectron_Energy_1Mevbeta.png |90 px]]

= The needed time to observe the GEM signal=

In the case of triple GEM detector with a gas flow of 0.3 SCFH and 2650V and 2950V on GEM cards and cathode successively, a signal lower than the noise (of 16 mV and amplified twice) is observed at 770.0s +/- 0.1.

The normal rate (8 MHz +/- 2 as measured by the oscilloscope) is observed after 952.9s +/- 0.1.

=THGEM card tasks and tests=

;New THGEM cards:

Two new fully machined cards are going to be tested in air and ArCH4, if they passes 2000 V potential bwtween the top and the bottom, then they are going to be installed in ArCh4 gas chamber.

The older THGEM cards will have a high voltage enough to have one spark/min to clean impurities or surface defects.

=GEM Signal after the latest modification on the fission chamber 07/01/13=

The signal of the detector is observed as the shutter is open and close.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| shutter close || [[File: GEM_close.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close1.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close2.jpg | 40 px]] || [[File: GEM_open.jpg | 40 px]]
|-
| shutter open || [[ File:GEM_open_7_1.jpg | 40 px ]]

|}

=GEM's signal testing when it a long cable is used=

The GEM signal is tested when a long cable is used to transfer the signal to the oscilloscope as the shutter is open, and without the cable. Oscilloscope pictures shows an attenuation to the signal up to 30%.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Long bnc cable|| [[File: GEM_longcable1.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_longcable2.jpg | 40 px]]
|-
| Short bnc cable|| [[ File:GEM_shortcable.jpg | 40 px ]]

|}

=Roy's detector infomation and measurements=

U-233 metal deposited source is measured by Protean Instrument corporation gaseous detector, has a model number of WPC9450 (serial number: 0915723)and uses (P10) gas mixture, as shown below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Shutter position || Alpha particles /min.|| Beta particles /min.
|-
| Open || 6879 || 900
|-
| Close || 1 || 38
|}

The source was in a plate of a diameter of 16 cm which was exposed to to the sensitive part of the detector of a height of 2-3 mm.

The activity of the source is calculated based on the solid angle <math> \frac {A \times W}{4\pi} </math>

where '''A''' is the count per second
and '''W''' is the detector solid angle.

For the previous measurement, the solid angle is almost <math>2\pi </math>, so the the actvity of the source is twice the measured value in count/second.

=IAC experiment producing neutrons=

One of the IAC experiments produces neutrons, the neutron spectrum from Tungsten target is simulated outside and inside water (moderator) as shown in the figure below

[[File:moderator_nspect.png | 70 px]]

In the simulation above , They are interested in close distances to the Tungsten target inside the water container, it is 1 ft cubed container and is made of aluminium and covered polyester.

[[File:exp_setup.png | 70 px]]

=References=

==THGEM design==

THGEM#9

[[Media:Shalem_MSthesis_march2005.pdf]]

[[Media:Raz_Alon_MSthesis_Dec2007.pdf]]

==Electric field Simulation==

;Rim size dependence

[[ file: THGEM_Efield_simulation.pdf]]

;2010 THGEM design(s):

[[ file: THGEM_2009_design_gas_efficiency.pdf]]

[[Simulations_of_Particle_Interactions_with_Matter]]

Voss and 3 russian references for Dy(n,x) cross sections

http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.3819 Dy photon gammas spectrum

http://www.ippe.obninsk.ru/podr/cjd/kobra13.php?SubentID=30974002

http://www.americanelements.com/thoxst.html

http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0404119

NIM_A535_2004_93[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Image:Detectors_for_energy-resolved_fast_neutron_imaging.PDF#filehistory]

[[Image:NIM_A590_2008_pg134_Eberhardt.pdf]] Prep Targets

Neutron cross sections for different elements [[Media:Neutron_cross_sections.pdf]]

http://www-nds.iaea.org/RIPL-2/

[[Media:n gamma cross sections at 25 keV.jpg]]

[[Media:n alpha cross section at 14.2 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:ne cross section at 14 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:high enegy fission x-section.jpg]]

[[Media:N_gamma_x-section_at_400_keV.jpg]]

[[Media:x-sections of reactions at 14 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:n p x-section at 14.3MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n gamma x-section at 14.5 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: elastic x-section at 0.5 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n gamma x-section at 1 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n 2n x-section at 14.3 MeV.jpg]]

Donald James Hughes, Neutron cross sections, 2nd edition 1958, u.s.a atomic energy commission.[[Media:Neutron cross sections.pdf]]

[[Image:NSAE_ 151_ 2005_ 319-334_ Y.D. Lee.pdf]]

TGEM-2009 [[File:TGEM_2009.pdf]]

12 Volt power supply system.

http://www.lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/imagem/doc/NIMA_46128.pdf

http://electrontube.com.[[Media: rp097mono HV divier.pdf]]

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm#anchor550078

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_board

http://wikipedia.org

[http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.2026 A : concise review on THGEM detectors A.Breskin, R. Alon, M. Cortesi, R. Chechik, J. Miyamoto, V. Dangendorf, J. Maia, J. M. F. Dos Santos]

GEANT4_Paticles_Models[http://geant4.cern.ch/support/proc_mod_catalog/index.shtml]

Resistors online store : http://www.justradios.com/rescart.html

==RETGEMs==

[[Media:Jinst8_02_p02012_THGEM_spark.pdf‎]]

[[Media:2010_INST_5_P03002.pdf‎]]

;Thick GEM COBRA:

[[Media:THGEM_COBRA_08_10.pdf‎]]

[[Media: Nucl_Phys_B_Bidault_ novel UV photon detector.pdf]]

[[Media:Mauro micro pattern gaseuos detectors.pdf]]

[[Media:Development and First Tests of GEM-Like Detectors With Resistive Electrodes.pdf]]

http://www.supplydivision.co.uk/genitem.htm

http://www.radioshack.com/search/index.jsp?kwCatId=&kw=24%20gauge%20wires&origkw=24%20gauge%20wires&sr=1

Thick_GEM_versus_thin_GEM_in_two_phase_argon_avalanche_detectors (HV circuit)[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/File:Media-Thick_GEM_versus_thin_GEM_in_two_phase_argon_avalanche_detectors_(HV_circuit).pdf#filelinks]

Stainless Steel deflection [http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=126]

==Data Sheets==

radioactive surface cleaner NoCount MDSD [[File:radioactive_surface_cleaner.pdf]].

==Th-Xsection references==
[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Behrens_0.7-1.4MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Blons_1975_1.2-1.8MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_ermagambetov_0-3MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Henkel_0-9MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Ohsawa_original.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_pankratov_3-35MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_protopopov_distancefromthesource.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_rago_12.5-18MeV.pdf]]

==U-238-Xsection and coating references==

relative cross section and calibration samples characteristics for a well determined number of fissions per second

[[File:Eismont_relative_absolute_nf_induced_ intermediate energy.pdf]]

;U_238 cross section error analysis:

INTERNATIONAL EVALUATION OF NEUTRON CROSS-SECTION STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY,VIENNA, 2007 [[File:U238-xsection.pdf]]

U_238 (0.5-4MeV) and Th_232 (1-6MeV) fission cross section with statistical error.[[File:Th-232_U238_xsetion_data_ebars.txt]]

[[File:Pankratov_fxsection_Th232_U233_U235_Np237_U238_5-37MeV.pdf]]

==Thorium Coating==
ThF4 target for sputtering coatings

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm

==Machining Uranium==

Uranium will ignite in powder form

http://www.springerlink.com/content/rr072r52163x0833/

;coating Uranium

[[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVV-46G57SW-53&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F01%2F1991&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1388383717&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c3229e061695dfa28617f9f5db1ef55d]]

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16864172

Calorimeters/Detectors:
DU sheet is in wide-scale use as an absorber material in high-energy physics research at large accelerator laboratories. The high atomic number and density of DU presents a large number of atoms per unit volume to interact with the particles emerging from collisions in these detectors. Also the slight background radiation from DU enables in situ calibration of the electronic read out devices within such detectors, thereby improving the accuracy of measurement.

http://www.2spi.com/catalog/chem/depleted-uranium-products.html

[http://books.google.com/books?id=NRXnXmFRjWYC&pg=SA48-PA17&lpg=SA48-PA17&dq=depleted+uranium+coating&source=bl&ots=a6jHsdI6Ec&sig=zVxKGeD4E42gAVkr8Otg9bfpkyg&hl=en&ei=8FgtTIH1HMGC8gbNl-S-Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBThG]

[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=90&ved=0CDYQFjAJOFA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.com%2Fenergy%2Ffiles%2FIFT_Catalog.pdf&ei=RFktTPbgKYL88AbC1tSSAw&usg=AFQjCNE3VbqBWbvcKln4pJVAj8FyKfcOig]

;IAEA Photonuclear Data Library [http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/]

;Data Acquisition

Warren_logbook[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Warren_Parsons_Log_Book]

Warren_Thesis [http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Warren_Parsons_MS_Thesis]

=Related To Gaseous Detectors=

==Breakdown and Detector Failure (10/21/10)==

;Different kind of micro-pattern detectors

;References

1- A. Bressan, M. Hocha : NIM A 424 (1999) 321—342 [[File:High_rate_behavior_and_discharge_limits_in micro-pattern_detectors .pdf]]

2- Fonte and Peskov IEEE 1999 :[[File:fundamental_limitations_of_high_rate_gaseous_detectors.pdf]]

3- B. Schmidt: NIM A 419 (1998) 230—238 [[File:Microstrip_gas_chambers_Recent_developments_radiation_damage.pdf]]

= Ideas=

1.) Can we mix resistive paste (Encre MINICO) with TH-232. We construct a "bed of nails" to place a predrilled G-10 board with a copper border. The nails fill in the holes of the G-10 to keep the paste out. Ecre MINICO is a resistive paste used for transistors.

a.) Get some resistive paste.

http://www.leggesystems.com/p-253-elimstat-uxm-ccp.aspx

Resistive glue to compare

[[File:Duralco_4461.pdf]]

http://www.ellsworth.com/conformal.html?tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=764&Tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=2067&Tab=Products

http://www.cotronics.com/vo/cotr/ea_electricalresistant.htm

b.) mix with a metal similar to Th-232.

c.) construct bed of 0.4 mm nails. Look for 0.4 mm diameter pins.

==7/31/2009==
New vendor for carbon paste.

http://www.electrapolymers.com/productItem.asp?id=33

The data sheet does not show any information about the thickness of the paste.

The company has a distributor in the usa (877)-867-9668. A phone call is expected on Sat. 8/3/2009 about the availability of the product.

= TGEM Mask Design=

Coating U-238 or Th-232 is essential for neutron detection in the range 2-14 MeV, but THGEM contains holes that should be protected from any coating material. So, a mask is designed to cover these holes. The holes are in drilled to be on the corners of hexagonal of 1mm side length as in the figure:

[[Image: hexagonal _representaion_holes_04mm_1mmc2c.jpg | 300 px]]

The mask is made of stainless steel, 10 um laser tolerance with cut the plate to get the shape in the figure:

[[Image: holes_covered_by_mask.jpeg | 300 px]]

Please look at the following files for more details:

Make number bold black font. Add color so it is clear that they are holes in a material.

[[File:copper_foil_04mm.pdf]]

[[File:holes_mask_together.pdf]]

[[TGEM_Mask_Design]]

=P_D=

[[Performance of THGEM as a Neutron Detector]]

[[H_Proposal_Defense]]

=Vendor=
===Thick Film Screen Printers===

http://www.sciquip.com/browses/browse_Cat.asp?Category=Screen+Printers

http://www.marubeni-sunnyvale.com/screen_printing.html

[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/TGEMS Go Back] [[TGEMS]]

===tektronix oscilloscope===

134.50.3.73

http://134.50.203.63/

<references/>

Neutron TGEM Detector Abdel

2015-09-03T16:50:49Z

Abdehait: /* alpha calibration */

[[HM_2014]]

[[2012]]

[[2011]]

[[2010]]

[[2009]]

=alpha calibration=

[[File:ch_alphaE.png | 150px]]

[[File:Raw_data_all.pdf]]

The main peaks are for the following channel numbers,

= Last runs=

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
|9005 || 05/15 15:00 || 05/16 10:55 || || open || off || 50 ||
|-
|9006 || 05/16 10:57 || 05/17 22:18 || || open || on || 48||
|-
|9007 || 05/17 22:23 || 05/18 19:20 || || closed || on || 30 ||
|-
|9008 || 05/18 21:46 || 05/19 19:59 || || closed || off || 30 || high beta effect
|-
|9010 || 05/21 23:23 || 05/22 10:00 || || closed || off || 30 || high beta effect
|-
|9023 || 05/26 13:06 || 05/26 13:17|| 11 || open || off || 87 || GEM2.9kV 3.6kV
|-
|9024 || 05/26 13:20 || 05/26 13:27|| 7 || closed || off || 26 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV (beta effect decreased)
|-
|9032 || 06/13 12:35 || 06/13 12:45|| 10 || open || off || 87 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV (ISU power shutdown)
|-
|9033 || 06/13 12:35 || 06/13 12:45|| 10 || closed || off || 26 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9034 || 06/15 20:55 || 06/15 21:05|| 10 || open || off || 45 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9035 || 06/15 21:06 || 06/13 21:16|| 10 || closed || off || 27 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9036 || 06/17 14:48 || 06/17 14:58|| 10 || closed || off || 28 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|9037 || 06/17 14:59 || 06/17 14:09|| 10 || open || off || 28 || GEM2.8kV 3.5kV
|-
|}

The charge spectrum returned to were it was before the neutron exposure after 29 days for closed shutter.

=QDC TDC PS-ADC setup=

;Peak sensing gate

[[File: GEM_PS_gate.png | 300 px]]

;QDC gate

[[File: GEM_QDC_gate.png | 300 px]]

;TDC start

[[File: TDC_pulser.png | 300 px]]

;TDC STOP

[[File: TDC_GEM.png | 300 px]]

;QDC shows a difference

[[File: QDC_source_on_off_7724_7726.png | 300 px]]

=Measurements of the frequently used gas mixture 90/10 Ar/CO2 for the second peak =

;Changes from the former set up

# Using the eG&G timing filter amp. 474 instead of the spectroscopic amp. to amplify the input for the peak sensing ADC.
#Gate of a width of 4us has been delyed to track the second peak, as a result part of output spectrum is lost except for the delayed part within the gate width as shown in the figures below:

;Lost

[[File: PS_l1.png | 300 px]]

;Detected

[[File: PS_d1.png | 300 px]][[File: PS_d2.png | 300 px]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||Date || start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
|7435 || 08/24/14|| 19:30:48 || 19:55:32 || || open || on || 400 || a peak is noticed on channel 400
|-
|7436 || 08/24/14|| 19:59:05 || 20:40:11 || || open || off || 216 || the peak disappeared
|-
|7438 || 08/24/14|| 19:59:05 || 10:00:00 || || open || on || 0.0146 || triple coin., high noise, max. is ch 355
|-
|7444 || 08/25/14|| 21:17:25 || 21:20:35|| || open || on || 230 || gate delay 700 ns, peak disappeared [[File: gate delay700ns.png | 300 px]]
|-
|7446 || 08/25/14|| 21:29:51|| 21:38:55 || || open || off || 185 || does not count for P_B. peak disappeared
|-

|}

[[File: shutteropen_sourceon_off.png | 300 px]]

= unknown gas mixed bottle measurements=

; Updates

Changing the leading edge disc. to understand the Peak sensing and explain the cut int he peak sensing graph.

Measuring the noise. by starting by low signal rate to distinguish the signal from the noise.

; Channels and signals

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|device|| ch || input source
|-
| ADC || 5 || GEM's trigout
|-
| Peak sensing 7|| 15 || GEM's trigout
|-
| Peak sensing 5 || 11 || PMT Left
|-
| Peak sensing 8|| 17 || PMT right
|-
|PS translator ||
|-
|TDC || 25 || PMT L

|-
|TDC|| 27 || GEM's trigout
|-
| TDC || 29 || PMT R
|-
| TDC || 31 (Stopper) || triple coincidence (OR Mode)
|-
|CAEN N638
|-
|TDC || 17 || PMT L
|-
|TDC B2|| 18|| GEM's trigout multi-hit
|-
|TDC B6|| 22|| GEM's B_p
|-
| TDC || 21 || PMT R
|-
| TDC 6 || 30 (pulser) || triple coincidence (OR Mode)
|-
|TDC 7 || 23|| delayed GEM's trigout
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Run Number||Date || start || end || Time (min) || Shutter || Source || Count rate (counts/min) || Notes
|-
| 7273|| 08/06/14 || 07:10:38 || 11:41:00 || 12502 || open || off || 67 || 0.1 flow rate

|-
| 7274|| 08/06/14 || 11:49:35 || 18:15:01 || 23126 || closed || off || 39 || 0.1 flow rate

|-
| 7275|| 08/06/14 || 20:37:07 || 09:10:10|| || closed || off || 40 || 0.2 flow rate
|-
| 7276|| 08/06/14 || 09:15:00 || 09:32:00|| || open || off || 80 || 0.2 flow rate amplification increases from 50 to 100
|-
| 7277|| 08/06/14 || 09:33:08 || 11:40:42|| 7654 || open || off || 81 || 0.2
|-
| 7295|| 08/08/14 || 17:36:58 || 19:55:59|| 4741 || closed || off || 60 || 0.2

|-
| 7296|| 08/08/14 || 22:28:01 || 23:43:14|| || closed || off || 58 || 0.3
|-
| 7297|| 08/08/14 || 23:48:14|| 12:08:00 || 37186|| open || off || 93 || 0.3
|-
| 7298|| 08/09/14 || 00:16:14|| 06:08:03 ||21109 ||closed || off || 56 || 0.3

|-
| 7299|| 08/10/14 || 19:27:12|| 20:09:04 || 2152||closed || on || 107 || 0.1

|-
| 7300|| 08/10/14 || 20:11:30|| 20:46:29 ||2099 ||open || on || 136 || 0.1

|-
| 7302|| 08/11/14 || 06:53:14|| 07:22:45 || 1771||closed || on || 114 || 0.2

|-
| 7303|| 08/11/14 || 07:26:58|| 07:48:01 || 1263||open || on || 167 || 0.2

|-
| 7305|| 08/11/14 || 13:21:16|| 13:55:05 || 2029||open || on || 178 || 0.3

|-
| 7306|| 08/11/14 || 14:41:00|| 15:40:00 || 3540||closed || on || 110 || 0.3

|-
| 7307|| 08/14/14 || 08:14:15|| 08:20:39 || 384||closed || off || || 0.1 noise measurements (pulser only)
|-
| 7308|| 08/14/14 || 08:22:43|| 08:29:23 || ||open || off || 1314 || 0.1 noise measurements (pulser only) same noise level as shutter closed (ch. 86) for Peak sensing ADC
|-
| 7309|| 08/14/14 || 08:35:09 || 09:45:37 || 4229 || open || off || || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.
|-
| 7310|| 08/14/14 || 09:46:12 || 11:18:39 || 5547 || open || off || 54 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7311|| 08/14/14 || 11:19:45 || 13:01:57 || 6132 || open || off || 52 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7312|| 08/14/14 || 13:10:50 || 14:28:07|| 4637 || open || off || 72 || 0.1 flow rate was not exact, little less.

|-
| 7313|| 08/14/14 || 14:30:24|| 15:38: 48|| 4056 || open || off || 80 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7314|| 08/14/14 || 15:41: 52|| 16:46:55 || 3897|| open || on || 147 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7315|| 08/14/14 || 16:49: 59|| 19:14:30 ||8729|| open || on || 148 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7316|| 08/14/14 || 19:18:43 || 22:14:07 ||10596 || open || on ||147 || 0.1 flow rate as is used to be
|-
| 7317|| 08/14/14 || 22:18:24 || 10:18:52 || 43220|| open || on || 0.0095|| 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|-
| 7318|| 08/15/14 || 10:24:00 || 12:42:23 || 8303|| open || on || 147 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7319|| 08/15/14 || 12:46:14 || 15:46:09 || 10795|| open || on || 148 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7323|| 08/15-16/14 || 16:59:39 || 06:03:11 || 46970|| open || off || 0.0011 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
| 7329|| 08/16/14 || 07:06:32 || 10:35:35 || 12543|| open || off || 83 || 0.1 flow rate, PMT's charge is measured for L and R
|-
| 7330|| 08/16/14 || 10:41:58 || 12:48:33 || 7595 || open || on || 146 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7331|| 08/16-17/14 || 12:52:07 || 06:45:03 || 64384 || open || off || 0.0016 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence, coda counted 111 but the data file is empty!
|-
| 7332|| 08/17/14 || 06:52:26 || 07:04:45|| 739 || open || on || 1367 || 0.1 flow rate noise measurements with the wave generator
|-
| 7333|| 08/17/14 || 07:05:50 || 08:53:54 || || open || on || 155 || 0.1 flow rate
|-

| 7334|| 08/17/14 || 08:57:02 || 13:13:38 || || open || off || 82 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
| 7337|| 08/17/14 || 14:17:24 || 14:30:29|| || open || on || 1400 || 0.1 flow rate, GEM 2.92 kV , CATH 3.47kV(+50V), noise measurements with the wave generator
|-
|7338|| 08/17/14 || 14:31:37|| 16:17:45|| || open || on || 163 || 0.1 flow rate
|-

|7339|| 08/17/14 || 16:20:25|| 16:35:45 || || open || off || 1368 || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurements with the wave generator
|-

|7340|| 08/17/14 || 16:37:01 || 20:33:04|| || open || off || 95 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7341|| 08/17-18/14 || 20:40:16|| 06:18:43 || || open || off || 0.0015 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|7342|| 08/18/14 || 06:25:44 || 06:37:43 || || open || on || 1403 || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurements
|-
|7345|| 08/18/14 || 06:39:23 || 14:17:58 || || open || on ||0.0128 || 0.1 flow rate, triple coincidence
|-
|7355|| 08/18/14 || 16:03:29 || 19:59:51|| || open || off || 75 || 0.1 flow rate, EM 2.82 kV , CATH 3.37kV(-50V), CAEN translator is used
|-
|7356|| 08/18/14 || 20:03:05|| 20:07:58 || || open || on || 2k || 0.1 flow rate, noise measurement
|-
|7357|| 08/18/14 || 20:08:43 || 22:48:22 |||| open || on || 142 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7358|| 08/18-19/14 || 22:53:13 || 10:52:44|| || open || on || 0.0082 || 0.1 flow rate , triple coincidence
|-
|7359|| 08/19/14 || 10:55:49|| 10:59:52 || || open || on || 2.1k || 0.1 flow rate , noise measurement
|-

|7360|| 08/19/14 || 11:00:38|| 14:26:38|| || open || on || 156|| 0.1 flow rate noise measurement with 1 Hz sampling
|-
|7361|| 08/19/14 || 14:40:49||18:25:00 || open || on || 0 || 0.1 flow rate with 1 Hz sampling (AND gate)
|-
|7362|| 08/19/14 || 18:33:15|| 18:38:54|| ||open || on ||1.5k || 0.1 flow rate triple coinc.(OR)
|-
|7363|| 08/19-20/14 || 18:39:46|| 13:39:45|| ||open || on ||0.0081 || 0.1 flow rate triple coinc.(OR)
|-
|7364|| 08/20/14 || 13:44:56|| 13:50:57 || ||open || off || 1.55k || 0.1 flow rate noise measurements, 2.87, 3.42kV for GEM and CATH
|-
|7367|| 08/20/14 || 15:08:27 || 16:49:37 || ||open || off || 86 || 0.1 flow rate, 2.87, 3.42kV for GEM and CATH
|-
|7368|| 08/20/14 || 16:53:42|| 17:15:49|| ||open || on || 154 || 0.1 flow rate
|-
|7369|| 08/20/14 || 17:17:39|| 20:28:43|| ||open || off || 86 || 0.1 flow rate, spec. amplifier decreased from 100 to 50
|-
|7479|| 08/27/14 || 10:02:21|| 10:42:09|| ||open || on || 64 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7480|| 08/27/14 || 10:46:18|| 14:17:22 || ||open || off || 11 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7481|| 08/27/14 || 14:19:33 || 14:43:39 || ||close || on || 78 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7488|| 08/27/14 || 16:16:37 || 16:48:53 || || open|| on || 86 || 0.1 flow rate,
|-
|7491|| 08/27/14 || 18:09:27 || 18:59:05 || || open|| on || 86 || 0.1 flow rate,
|}

==Peak sensing measurements by 08/28/14==

Peak sensning measurements for GEM were recorded in the time between 8:00 am to 9:44am for shutter open as the following

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Source On|| Source Off
|-
|7507 || 7506
|-
|7509 || 7508
|-

|7511 || 7510
|-
|7513 || 7512
|-

|7515 || 7514
|-
|7517 || 7516
|-

|7519 || 7518
|-
|7521 || 7520
|}

[[File:unknownbootle_measurements_06_13.png | 300px]][[File:unknownbootle_measurements_14_21.png | 300px ]]

Different output for each run when Peak sensing is used to measure the charge, what is noticed that the charge is different from one run to another, but all the runs show that the amount of charge collected is bigger when the shutter is open with the source on it except for run 7511. By comparing all the runs, As the shutter is open, the maximum charge is collected by channel number 800, as the source is on the detector, the collected charge reached up to channel 1000 at most.

Measuring the data started by 8 am, the noise rate increased so it increased the event rate from 30s to 80s event/s, and it did not decrease until now (Thur. 15:36 08/28/14). all module wiring were checked but without any result. I am using the 90/10 Ar/CO2 bottle as hope to take some measurements but when the noise level goes down maybe this evening to repeat the same measuremnts.

The following reference shows a change in collected charge as the tenperature changes <ref>"Discrimination of nuclear recoils from alpha particles with superheated liquids" F Aubin et al 2008 New J. Phys. 10 103017 </ref>

[[File:temp_signal_effect.jpg | 300px]]

=Flow rate and figures=

;03 flow rate

[[File: 03_sourceOn.png | 450 px]]
[[File: 03_sourceoff.png | 450 px]]
[[File: 03_openOn_off_sub.png | 450 px]]
;02 flow rate

[[File: 02_sourceOn.png | 150 px]]
[[File:02_sourceoff.png | 150 px]]
[[File: 02_openOn_off_sub.png | 150 px]]

01 flow rate

[[File: 01_sourceOn.png | 150 px]]
[[File:01_sourceoff.png | 150 px]]

= Common Start Common Stop exchange=

Edit the file

cd /usr/local/coda/2.5/readoutlist/v1495trigPAT/

as the following:

for common start comment:
/* c775CommonStop(TDC_ID);

for common stop uncomment:
c775CommonStop(TDC_ID);

=Ionization xsections for different particles emitted from U-233=

; Photons

[[File: photoabosorption_Ar.png | 150 px]]
[[File: photoabosorption_CO2.png | 150 px]]
[[File: photoabosorption_Ar_CO2.png | 150 px]]

Ref. : http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Xcom/html/xcom1.html

;Electrons

[[File: electron_ion_Ar.png | 150 px]]

Ref. :

Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 (1993) 75 [[File: electron_ionization_Ar.pdf]]

;Alpha Particles

[[File: alpha_ionization.png | 150 px]]

Ref. :

http://www.exphys.jku.at/Kshells/

Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 (1993) 75

=Coincidence Measurements for GEM and the Plastic scintillator=

;Coincidence Measurement for the scintillator PMT's without shielding and without source

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Date || Time || No. of Counts (counts)|| Count rate (counts/min)
|-
|07/09/14 || 1066 || 659005 || 618
|-
|07/10/14 || 538 || 368974 || 686
|-

|}

;Triple coincidence Measurement for the scintillator PMT's shielded and without source

Triple coincidence among the 2 PMT's and the GEM detector is measured using coincidence module caberra 2144 and ortec 778 counter, count rate is 0.3+_ 0.03 Hz. However, the rate was zero before shielding.

The following pics show The GEM output with triple coincidence signal, it is observed that different GEM peaks coincide with the triple signal, which shows that adding the shielding contaminates the neutron signal.

[[File: GEM_triple_smallpeak.png | 150 px]]
[[File: GEM_triple_bigpeak.png | 150 px]]
[[File: GEM_triple_twopeaks.png | 150 px]]

=Coincidence Measurements for the Plastic scintillator after shielding=

; Without source

The plastic scintillator count rate before shielding and without source was in average 12 +_ 1 Hz, lead is added to the GEM and to the plastic scintillator which did not change the rate of the coincidence for the plastic scintillator . Neither closing the box door with lead nor adding lead to the top of the box did make any change in the number of counts for the plastic scintillator.

;With a source

=Background count rate=

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Date || Time || PSD_e (counts)|| PSD_e (counts/min) || LED (low disctrinimation)(counts)||LED (low disctrinimation)(counts/min)|| LED (high disctrinimation) (counts)|| LED (high disctrinimation) (counts/min)
|-
|07/01/14 || 1166 || 56671 || 49 || 2936748 || 2519 || 10 || 0.009
|-
|07/01/14 || 231 || 10529 || || 572657 || || 1542 ||

|}

= data graphs=

;<math>S_{HLE}</math>

[[File: B_pdaily_counts.png | 150 px]]

The above graph represents the change in the count rate of B_p, as the shutter is open (green) and as it is closed (red), the error bars get smaller since each point represents the average of two sets of daily measurements, in addition to, changing the PS discriminator's level after the second measurement.

;<math>S_{PSD}</math>

[[File: S_pdaily_counts.png | 150 px]]

The above graph has the same legend as the one for B_p, error bars increase for some data when the shutter is open, since one or more of the daily measurements has a higher number of counts because of U-233(4)'s spentaneous fission. (the number of counts is close to the number of counts as the shutter is open and the source is on).

Small=<math>S_{PSD} - S_{PSDE}</math>

=Testing GEM Experiment test 10/23/13=

The GEM detector was tested for signal and discharge as the voltage of the cathode and HV-circuit divider is 3.3 kV and 2.7 kV successively.

The GEM detector signal is observed as it used to work before. the pictures below show the signal detected as the shutter is open and as it is close.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| shutter close || [[File: GEM_close_1.png | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close_2.png | 40 px]]
|-
| shutter open || [[ File:GEM_open_1.png | 40 px ]]|| [[File: GEM_open_2.png | 40 px]] || [[File: GEM_open_3.png | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_open_4.png | 40 px]]
|}

=THGEM#9 Counting Experiment test 1/4/13=

[[THGEM#9 Counting Experiment]]

=GEM HV-divider circuit=

GEM HV-divider circuit in shown in the figure, measurements were recorded for for top and bottom voltage of each preamplifier.

<center>[[Image:GEM_HV_Dist_Net.jpg | 100px]]</center>

The table below shows value of the voltage on each preamplifier's side relative to ground.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| <math> V_{source} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G1T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G1B} \pm 1 </math>|| <math> \Delta V_1 \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G2T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G2B} \pm 1 </math>|| <math> \Delta V_2 \pm 1</math> || <math> V_{G3T} \pm 1 </math> || <math> V_{G3B} \pm 1 </math> || <math> \Delta V_3 \pm 1 </math>
|-
| 2550 || 2579 || 2259 ||304 || 1671|| 1394 || 279 || 818|| 570 ||245
|-
| 2600 || 2630 || 2303 ||310 || 1704|| 1421 || 285 ||834|| 581 || 250
|-
| 2650 || 2680 || 2348 || 316|| 1737|| 1449 || 290 || 850|| 592 || 255
|-
| 2700 || 2731 || 2393 ||322 || 1770|| 1476 ||296 ||866|| 603 || 260
|-
| 2750 || 2781 || 2373|| 328 || 1803|| 1503 || 302 ||882|| 614 ||264
|-
| 2800 || 2832 || 2482|| 332 || 1836|| 1530|| 307 || 898|| 625 || 269

|}

The source voltage means the voltage value on the 4-channel CAEN N470 display. (suppose to be equal to the voltage of the top GEM1).

the values are going to be an input for ANSYS which is going to simulate the electric field for each source voltage separately, ANSYS' output files will be an input for Garfield to simulate the electron multiplication by the triple GEM.

= GEM alpha-Beta detector counter=
[[GEM Alpha-Beta detector counter]]

=GEM gain data graphs and GEM Calibration in LDS=

==GEM Detector==

[[GEM performance QDC data graphs]]

[[Calibrating GEM detector]]

==Electronics Flow Chart==

[[File:LDS_electronics_flow_chart.png |200px]]

==GEM Detector and Scintillator==

[[GEM and Sci. data and measuurements]]

=GEM gain data graphs and GEM Calibration at the IAC=

Haitham may only alter the QDC's dual timer and a CFD for the QDC in the IAC DAQ.

Haitham may only add signals to the NIM->ECL translator

Haitham is not allowed to change any cables that are used for the PAA setup

;Summary

The detector is installed in the IAC after modifications took place in the detector design.

These modifications are:

1- The detector kipton window's area increased to the same size of the GEM cards( 10X10 cm)

2- The distance of the cathode from the first GEM increased up to 1.2 cm. previously the distance was about 3.5 mm. (No change in GEM's distances 2.8mm, or the readout 0.5 mm)

Increasing the drift distance demands an increase in cathode potential to maintain the same values of the electric field in the old setup.

3- The detector is installed in a wooden box, in addition to a plastic scintillator which was placed to cover part of the detector window.

[[GEM performance data graphs]]

==Electronics Flow Chart==

[[File:IAC_electronics_flow_chart.png |200px]]

[[File:IAC_n.png |200px]]

=U-233 fission x-section data and fission yield=

[[File:U-233_fissionxsection_0.01-100MeV.gif |200px]]
[[File:U-233_fissionxsection_fullenergyrange.gif |200px]]

[[File:U-233_fissionxyield_percent.png |200px]]

== What is the energy distribution of Beta, Photon and alpha from U-233==

===Alpha ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| nuclide || Energy (MeV)
|-
| Pb-213 || 8.4
|-
| Bi-213 || 5.9
|-
|At-217 ||6.3
|-
|Fr-221 || 6.3
|-
|Th-229 || 4.85 (alpha spectrum, highest counts for is 4.85 MeV)
|}

===Gamma===

Gamma distribution for U-233 and its daughters are in metioned in details in the documents , [[File:u233_day_gamma.pdf]] <ref>http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/gamma_spectra , Wed. 04/10/2013</ref>

The energy range of the emitted gamma is shown in the following table .

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| nuclide || Energy Minimum || Energy Maximum (keV)
|-|
| U-233 || 25 || 1,119
|-
| Ra-225 || 40 || 40
|-
|Ac-225 || 10.5 || 758.9
|-
|Fr-221 || 96.8 || 410.7
|-
|At-217 || 140 || 593.1
|-
|Bi-213 || 323.81 || 1,119.4 
|}

===Beta===

Beta particles are emitted mainly from U-233 daughters as shown in the figure <ref> http://itu.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php?id=204, Wed. 04/10/2013 </ref>

[[File:U-233_decay_beta_energy.jpg |200px]]

U-233 -> Th-229, emitted alpha particles have energy of 4.8 MeV.

Insert energy distribution for Betas

The following table shows the negative beta emitter nuclides,their parent nuclides, and their half lives:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
|Nuclides || energy (MeV) || half life
|-
| <math>Ra^{225} \rightarrow Ac^{225}</math> ||0.357 || 14d.
|-
|<math>Bi^{213} \rightarrow Po^{213}</math> || 1.426 || 46min.
|-
|<math>Tl^{209} \rightarrow Pb^{209}</math> || 1.981 || 2.2 min.
|-
|<math>Pb^{209} \rightarrow Bi^{209}</math> || 0.644 || 3.25h
|-
|<math>Bi^{209}</math> || 1.893 || stable
|}

==What is the energy distribution after the 1 mm FR4 shutter==

=== electron shutter penetration===

The energy distribution below represents the incidence electron on a 1 mm FR4 shutter.

[[File:E_spectrum.png |90 px]]

graph of electron energy for electron penetrating shutter (did any not penetrate?, how many?)

photons below were produced by above incident electron?
The energy distribution of photons was observed on the opposite side of the shutter

[[File:Photon_spectrum.png |90 px]]

Electrons (with least energy from U-233= 0.2 MeV) pass through the shutter have the energy distribution below.

===alpha shutter penetration===

===photons===

== Number of ions produced from Beta and Photon in ArCo2==

EMTest10 is used to calculate the average number of ions (electrons) when a 101 beta of 1 MeV are fired in a world that contains ArCO2. (13.5 per primary electron).

[[File:SecondaryElectron_Energy_1Mevbeta.png |90 px]]

= The needed time to observe the GEM signal=

In the case of triple GEM detector with a gas flow of 0.3 SCFH and 2650V and 2950V on GEM cards and cathode successively, a signal lower than the noise (of 16 mV and amplified twice) is observed at 770.0s +/- 0.1.

The normal rate (8 MHz +/- 2 as measured by the oscilloscope) is observed after 952.9s +/- 0.1.

=THGEM card tasks and tests=

;New THGEM cards:

Two new fully machined cards are going to be tested in air and ArCH4, if they passes 2000 V potential bwtween the top and the bottom, then they are going to be installed in ArCh4 gas chamber.

The older THGEM cards will have a high voltage enough to have one spark/min to clean impurities or surface defects.

=GEM Signal after the latest modification on the fission chamber 07/01/13=

The signal of the detector is observed as the shutter is open and close.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| shutter close || [[File: GEM_close.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close1.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_close2.jpg | 40 px]] || [[File: GEM_open.jpg | 40 px]]
|-
| shutter open || [[ File:GEM_open_7_1.jpg | 40 px ]]

|}

=GEM's signal testing when it a long cable is used=

The GEM signal is tested when a long cable is used to transfer the signal to the oscilloscope as the shutter is open, and without the cable. Oscilloscope pictures shows an attenuation to the signal up to 30%.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Long bnc cable|| [[File: GEM_longcable1.jpg | 40 px]]|| [[File: GEM_longcable2.jpg | 40 px]]
|-
| Short bnc cable|| [[ File:GEM_shortcable.jpg | 40 px ]]

|}

=Roy's detector infomation and measurements=

U-233 metal deposited source is measured by Protean Instrument corporation gaseous detector, has a model number of WPC9450 (serial number: 0915723)and uses (P10) gas mixture, as shown below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| Shutter position || Alpha particles /min.|| Beta particles /min.
|-
| Open || 6879 || 900
|-
| Close || 1 || 38
|}

The source was in a plate of a diameter of 16 cm which was exposed to to the sensitive part of the detector of a height of 2-3 mm.

The activity of the source is calculated based on the solid angle <math> \frac {A \times W}{4\pi} </math>

where '''A''' is the count per second
and '''W''' is the detector solid angle.

For the previous measurement, the solid angle is almost <math>2\pi </math>, so the the actvity of the source is twice the measured value in count/second.

=IAC experiment producing neutrons=

One of the IAC experiments produces neutrons, the neutron spectrum from Tungsten target is simulated outside and inside water (moderator) as shown in the figure below

[[File:moderator_nspect.png | 70 px]]

In the simulation above , They are interested in close distances to the Tungsten target inside the water container, it is 1 ft cubed container and is made of aluminium and covered polyester.

[[File:exp_setup.png | 70 px]]

=References=

==THGEM design==

THGEM#9

[[Media:Shalem_MSthesis_march2005.pdf]]

[[Media:Raz_Alon_MSthesis_Dec2007.pdf]]

==Electric field Simulation==

;Rim size dependence

[[ file: THGEM_Efield_simulation.pdf]]

;2010 THGEM design(s):

[[ file: THGEM_2009_design_gas_efficiency.pdf]]

[[Simulations_of_Particle_Interactions_with_Matter]]

Voss and 3 russian references for Dy(n,x) cross sections

http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.3819 Dy photon gammas spectrum

http://www.ippe.obninsk.ru/podr/cjd/kobra13.php?SubentID=30974002

http://www.americanelements.com/thoxst.html

http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0404119

NIM_A535_2004_93[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Image:Detectors_for_energy-resolved_fast_neutron_imaging.PDF#filehistory]

[[Image:NIM_A590_2008_pg134_Eberhardt.pdf]] Prep Targets

Neutron cross sections for different elements [[Media:Neutron_cross_sections.pdf]]

http://www-nds.iaea.org/RIPL-2/

[[Media:n gamma cross sections at 25 keV.jpg]]

[[Media:n alpha cross section at 14.2 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:ne cross section at 14 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:high enegy fission x-section.jpg]]

[[Media:N_gamma_x-section_at_400_keV.jpg]]

[[Media:x-sections of reactions at 14 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media:n p x-section at 14.3MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n gamma x-section at 14.5 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: elastic x-section at 0.5 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n gamma x-section at 1 MeV.jpg]]

[[Media: n 2n x-section at 14.3 MeV.jpg]]

Donald James Hughes, Neutron cross sections, 2nd edition 1958, u.s.a atomic energy commission.[[Media:Neutron cross sections.pdf]]

[[Image:NSAE_ 151_ 2005_ 319-334_ Y.D. Lee.pdf]]

TGEM-2009 [[File:TGEM_2009.pdf]]

12 Volt power supply system.

http://www.lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/imagem/doc/NIMA_46128.pdf

http://electrontube.com.[[Media: rp097mono HV divier.pdf]]

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm#anchor550078

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_board

http://wikipedia.org

[http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.2026 A : concise review on THGEM detectors A.Breskin, R. Alon, M. Cortesi, R. Chechik, J. Miyamoto, V. Dangendorf, J. Maia, J. M. F. Dos Santos]

GEANT4_Paticles_Models[http://geant4.cern.ch/support/proc_mod_catalog/index.shtml]

Resistors online store : http://www.justradios.com/rescart.html

==RETGEMs==

[[Media:Jinst8_02_p02012_THGEM_spark.pdf‎]]

[[Media:2010_INST_5_P03002.pdf‎]]

;Thick GEM COBRA:

[[Media:THGEM_COBRA_08_10.pdf‎]]

[[Media: Nucl_Phys_B_Bidault_ novel UV photon detector.pdf]]

[[Media:Mauro micro pattern gaseuos detectors.pdf]]

[[Media:Development and First Tests of GEM-Like Detectors With Resistive Electrodes.pdf]]

http://www.supplydivision.co.uk/genitem.htm

http://www.radioshack.com/search/index.jsp?kwCatId=&kw=24%20gauge%20wires&origkw=24%20gauge%20wires&sr=1

Thick_GEM_versus_thin_GEM_in_two_phase_argon_avalanche_detectors (HV circuit)[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/File:Media-Thick_GEM_versus_thin_GEM_in_two_phase_argon_avalanche_detectors_(HV_circuit).pdf#filelinks]

Stainless Steel deflection [http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=126]

==Data Sheets==

radioactive surface cleaner NoCount MDSD [[File:radioactive_surface_cleaner.pdf]].

==Th-Xsection references==
[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Behrens_0.7-1.4MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Blons_1975_1.2-1.8MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_ermagambetov_0-3MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Henkel_0-9MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_Ohsawa_original.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_pankratov_3-35MeV.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_protopopov_distancefromthesource.pdf]]

[[File:Th-232_fxsection_rago_12.5-18MeV.pdf]]

==U-238-Xsection and coating references==

relative cross section and calibration samples characteristics for a well determined number of fissions per second

[[File:Eismont_relative_absolute_nf_induced_ intermediate energy.pdf]]

;U_238 cross section error analysis:

INTERNATIONAL EVALUATION OF NEUTRON CROSS-SECTION STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY,VIENNA, 2007 [[File:U238-xsection.pdf]]

U_238 (0.5-4MeV) and Th_232 (1-6MeV) fission cross section with statistical error.[[File:Th-232_U238_xsetion_data_ebars.txt]]

[[File:Pankratov_fxsection_Th232_U233_U235_Np237_U238_5-37MeV.pdf]]

==Thorium Coating==
ThF4 target for sputtering coatings

http://www.cerac.com/pubs/proddata/thf4.htm

==Machining Uranium==

Uranium will ignite in powder form

http://www.springerlink.com/content/rr072r52163x0833/

;coating Uranium

[[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVV-46G57SW-53&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F01%2F1991&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1388383717&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c3229e061695dfa28617f9f5db1ef55d]]

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16864172

Calorimeters/Detectors:
DU sheet is in wide-scale use as an absorber material in high-energy physics research at large accelerator laboratories. The high atomic number and density of DU presents a large number of atoms per unit volume to interact with the particles emerging from collisions in these detectors. Also the slight background radiation from DU enables in situ calibration of the electronic read out devices within such detectors, thereby improving the accuracy of measurement.

http://www.2spi.com/catalog/chem/depleted-uranium-products.html

[http://books.google.com/books?id=NRXnXmFRjWYC&pg=SA48-PA17&lpg=SA48-PA17&dq=depleted+uranium+coating&source=bl&ots=a6jHsdI6Ec&sig=zVxKGeD4E42gAVkr8Otg9bfpkyg&hl=en&ei=8FgtTIH1HMGC8gbNl-S-Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBThG]

[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=90&ved=0CDYQFjAJOFA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.com%2Fenergy%2Ffiles%2FIFT_Catalog.pdf&ei=RFktTPbgKYL88AbC1tSSAw&usg=AFQjCNE3VbqBWbvcKln4pJVAj8FyKfcOig]

;IAEA Photonuclear Data Library [http://www-nds.iaea.org/photonuclear/]

;Data Acquisition

Warren_logbook[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Warren_Parsons_Log_Book]

Warren_Thesis [http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/Warren_Parsons_MS_Thesis]

=Related To Gaseous Detectors=

==Breakdown and Detector Failure (10/21/10)==

;Different kind of micro-pattern detectors

;References

1- A. Bressan, M. Hocha : NIM A 424 (1999) 321—342 [[File:High_rate_behavior_and_discharge_limits_in micro-pattern_detectors .pdf]]

2- Fonte and Peskov IEEE 1999 :[[File:fundamental_limitations_of_high_rate_gaseous_detectors.pdf]]

3- B. Schmidt: NIM A 419 (1998) 230—238 [[File:Microstrip_gas_chambers_Recent_developments_radiation_damage.pdf]]

= Ideas=

1.) Can we mix resistive paste (Encre MINICO) with TH-232. We construct a "bed of nails" to place a predrilled G-10 board with a copper border. The nails fill in the holes of the G-10 to keep the paste out. Ecre MINICO is a resistive paste used for transistors.

a.) Get some resistive paste.

http://www.leggesystems.com/p-253-elimstat-uxm-ccp.aspx

Resistive glue to compare

[[File:Duralco_4461.pdf]]

http://www.ellsworth.com/conformal.html?tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=764&Tab=Products

http://www.ellsworth.com/display/productdetail.html?productid=2067&Tab=Products

http://www.cotronics.com/vo/cotr/ea_electricalresistant.htm

b.) mix with a metal similar to Th-232.

c.) construct bed of 0.4 mm nails. Look for 0.4 mm diameter pins.

==7/31/2009==
New vendor for carbon paste.

http://www.electrapolymers.com/productItem.asp?id=33

The data sheet does not show any information about the thickness of the paste.

The company has a distributor in the usa (877)-867-9668. A phone call is expected on Sat. 8/3/2009 about the availability of the product.

= TGEM Mask Design=

Coating U-238 or Th-232 is essential for neutron detection in the range 2-14 MeV, but THGEM contains holes that should be protected from any coating material. So, a mask is designed to cover these holes. The holes are in drilled to be on the corners of hexagonal of 1mm side length as in the figure:

[[Image: hexagonal _representaion_holes_04mm_1mmc2c.jpg | 300 px]]

The mask is made of stainless steel, 10 um laser tolerance with cut the plate to get the shape in the figure:

[[Image: holes_covered_by_mask.jpeg | 300 px]]

Please look at the following files for more details:

Make number bold black font. Add color so it is clear that they are holes in a material.

[[File:copper_foil_04mm.pdf]]

[[File:holes_mask_together.pdf]]

[[TGEM_Mask_Design]]

=P_D=

[[Performance of THGEM as a Neutron Detector]]

[[H_Proposal_Defense]]

=Vendor=
===Thick Film Screen Printers===

http://www.sciquip.com/browses/browse_Cat.asp?Category=Screen+Printers

http://www.marubeni-sunnyvale.com/screen_printing.html

[http://wiki.iac.isu.edu/index.php/TGEMS Go Back] [[TGEMS]]

===tektronix oscilloscope===

134.50.3.73

http://134.50.203.63/

<references/>

File:Raw data all.pdf

2015-09-01T22:18:00Z

Abdehait:

2015-04-20T03:24:39Z

Abdehait: uploaded a new version of "File:G4 1cmAr90CO2 Beta primaryElecN.png"

Beta Transmission and Ionization

2015-04-18T22:33:39Z

Abdehait: /* Primary and secondary ionization */

Beta Transmission and Ionization

2015-04-18T22:32:03Z

Abdehait: /* Primary and secondary ionization */

GEANT4 simulated Beta particles in the drift region with a 90/10 Ar/CO2 gas. U-233 emits Beta particles with a range extends up to 600 keV, Although Beta particles are low in rates as compared to Alpha rates; they contribute in the detector total charge. GEANT4 is used for simulating the charge for a Beta particle that passed through the drift region, and estimated the primary and secondary electrons for each Beta particle energy. Additionally, GEANT4 helps studying the penetration of beta particles through 1mm FR4 shutter.

= Beta particles energy rates=

Beta particles are emitted from U-233 radioactive isotope, their energy spectrum vs the percentage of the emitted Beta is shown in figure XX. Based on the figure, the rates are lower than 0.1 percent, with only two specific energies reach up to 6 percent for 10 keV for one of the energies, and 30 keV for the other.

[[File: beta_energy_percentages.png | 300 px]]

=Primary and secondary ionization=

A simulation for Beta ionization was performed by using GEANT4. GEANT4 simulated the interaction of a beta particle in the drift region that contained 90/10 Ar/CO2 gas; the simulation estimated the ionization primary and secondary electrons. Figure XX illustrates that the number of primary electrons is inversely proportional to the incident beta particle energy; such a relationship agrees with Bethe-Bloch equation for estimating the energy loss. The figure also shows GEANT4 underestimation for the number of primaries when for beta particle of energy of 10 keV, and when the energy is higher than 300 keV; one of the reasons that GEANT4 does not consider the minimum ionization for an ion-electron for Ar/CO2 or miscalculate it, or the electron cut is still high that makes it hard to track the low energy electrons. On the other hand, Garfield simulation for the number of electrons in the drift region when a beta particle passes through, and agreed with Bethe-Bloch formula, so the highest number of primaries is for low energy betas.Additionally, the number of primaries decreases gradually as beta energy increases to reach to the minimum ionization for Ar/CO2 gas which is in average 24 eV.

[[File: G4_1cmAr90CO2_Beta_primaryElecN.png| 300 px]][http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1967ApJS...14..207L&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES]

Leo: 1 e-ion pair per 30 eV of energy loss , a 100 keV electron loosing all of its energy to ionization produces 3333 e-ion pairs

Sauli: a 100 keV electron causes 1000 e-ion pairs per cm and 3000 secondary e-ion pairs.

What is GEANT4 cut that produces 1000 primary ionization.

Why is Garfield only getting 30

Why is e-star only getting 200

G4 cut is in Em10PhysicsList.cc, line 111, and it is a length cut, to have 10^3 primaries and 3x10^3 secondaries, the cut = 0.03 mm .

= Beta Ionization with FR4 shutter=

The FR4 shutter stops the low energy betas from U-233, and passes the high energy ones to ionize the gas in the drift region. U-233 beta emission relative rate is as low as 0.1 for most beta energies, and discussed previously, the highest beta rates are for those of kinetic energy of 10 keV and 30 keV. GEANT4 simulation shows in figure yy that 80 percent of Beta particles of energy of 1 MeV penetrate the shutter, and close to 100 percent penetration for beta energies which are equal or larger than 1.3 MeV. However, those low energy betas have the major contribution to the total number of primary and secondary electrons in the drift region; therefore, when the shutter is closed, only beta particles with energy more than 400keV contribute to the number of primary and secondary electrons. Those Betas have a negligible effect on the detector total charge due to the their low emission rates and the amount of charge they create in the drift region.

[[File:e_trans_1mmFR4_keV_percent.png | 300px]]

=Combined Gamma=

Electron multiple scattering causes Gamma particles to appear through beta transmission in the FR4. Electron scattering is one of the interactions of beta particles with FR4, photons are produced through this process depending on beta's energy.

[[File:e_trans_FR4_keV_gammaN.png || 300 px]]

It is noticed from the figure above that the maximum scattering cross section is for 1100 keV beta particles, the number of photons reaches to 1800 for each beta particle that transport through 1cm of FR4.

[[ HAM_Beta_extras]]

Submitted parts of the dissertation and their comments

2015-04-17T20:47:23Z

Abdehait: /* 03/26/14 */

=30/25/14=

[[File:beginningtochapter1.pdf]]

On Thu, Mar 27, 2014 at 10:09 AM, Tony Forest <foretony@isu.edu> wrote:
Haitham:

You need to include more content in Chapter 1 and reorganize it.

You should start from the standpoint of trying to explain your work to your daughter and then end with information directed towards the Ph.D. committee.

For example, you should introduce the concept of ionization in the first Chapter but a detailed description of how fission fragments will produce a signal in the GEM fission chamber is presented in the Simulations chapter.

After describing ionization chambers and GEM foils in general you would move onto fission chambers and then neutron detection in Chapter 1.

An introductory paragraph can lay out the contents of Chapter 1 in order to lead into the description contained in Chapter 1.

You could move energy loss by charged particles into the Simualtion chapter.

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| page number || Comments
|-

|}

=04/17/14=

[[File:detector_description.pdf]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="4"
|-
| page number || Comments
|-

|}

=03/28/14=

[[File:simulation.pdf ]]

File:Detector description.pdf

2015-04-17T20:46:44Z

Abdehait: uploaded a new version of "File:Detector description.pdf"

File:G4 1cmAr90CO2 Beta primaryElecN.png

2015-04-14T19:42:21Z

Abdehait: uploaded a new version of "File:G4 1cmAr90CO2 Beta primaryElecN.png"